Jump to content

Christopher Nolan

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Chris Nolan" redirects here. For other people named Christopher or Chris Nolan, see Christopher Nolan (disambiguation).

Sir
Christopher Nolan
CBE
Nolan smiling to his right
Nolan in 2018
Born
Christopher Edward Nolan

(1970-07-30) 30 July 1970 (age 54)
London, England
Citizenship
  • United Kingdom
  • United States
Alma materUniversity College London (BA)
Occupations
  • Film director
  • producer
  • screenwriter
Years active1993–present
OrganisationSyncopy Inc.
Works
Spouse
​
(m. 1997)​
Children4
Relatives
AwardsFull list

Sir Christopher Edward Nolan (born 30 July 1970) is a British and American filmmaker. Known for his Hollywood blockbusters with complex storytelling, he is considered a leading filmmaker of the 21st century. Nolan's films have earned over $6.6 billion worldwide, making him the seventh-highest-grossing film director of all time. His accolades include two Academy Awards, a Golden Globe Award and two British Academy Film Awards. Nolan was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2019, and received a knighthood in 2024 for his contributions to film.

Nolan developed an interest in filmmaking from a young age. After studying English literature at University College London, he made several short films before his feature film debut with Following (1998). Nolan gained international recognition with his second film, Memento (2000), and transitioned into studio filmmaking with Insomnia (2002). He became a high-profile director with The Dark Knight trilogy (2005–2012), and found further success with The Prestige (2006), Inception (2010), Interstellar (2014), and Dunkirk (2017). After the release of Tenet (2020), Nolan parted ways with longtime distributor Warner Bros. Pictures, and signed with Universal Pictures for the biographical thriller Oppenheimer (2023), which won him Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture.

Nolan's work regularly features in the listings of best films of their respective decades. Infused with a metaphysical outlook, his films thematise epistemology, existentialism, ethics, the construction of time, and the malleable nature of memory and personal identity. They feature mathematically inspired images and concepts, unconventional narrative structures, practical special effects, experimental soundscapes, large-format film photography, and materialistic perspectives. He has co-written several of his films with his brother, Jonathan, and runs the production company Syncopy Inc. with his wife, Emma Thomas.

Early life

[edit]

Christopher Edward Nolan was born on 30 July 1970, in Westminster, London. His father, Brendan James Nolan, was a British advertising executive of Irish descent[1] who worked as a creative director. His mother, Christina Jensen, was an American flight attendant from Evanston, Illinois; she would later work as a teacher of English. He has an elder brother, Matthew, and a younger brother, Jonathan, also a filmmaker. The three brothers were raised Catholic in Highgate and would spend their summers in Evanston.[2][3] Nolan also spent time living in Chicago during his youth, and he holds both UK and US citizenship.[4][5]

An image showing the top of the oculus in the Flaxman Gallery, University College London
Nolan attended University College London and used its Flaxman Gallery for a scene in Inception (2010).[6]

Growing up, Nolan was particularly influenced by the work of Sir Ridley Scott and the science fiction films 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) and Star Wars (1977).[7][8] He would repeatedly watch the latter film and extensively research its making.[9] Nolan began making films at the age of seven, borrowing his father's Super 8 camera and shooting short films with his action figures.[10] These films included a stop motion animation homage to Star Wars called Space Wars. He cast his brother Jonathan and built sets from "clay, flour, egg boxes and toilet rolls".[7] His uncle, who had worked at NASA building guidance systems for the Apollo rockets, sent him some launch footage: "I re-filmed them off the screen and cut them in, thinking no-one would notice", Nolan later remarked.[11] From the age of 11, he aspired to be a professional filmmaker.[12] Between 1981 and 1983, Nolan enrolled at Barrow Hills, a Catholic prep school in Witley, Surrey.[13] In his teenage years, Nolan started making films with Adrien and Roko Belic. Nolan and Roko co-directed the surreal 8 mm Tarantella (1989), which was shown on Image Union, an independent film and video showcase on the Public Broadcasting Service.[a][15][16] After a fan posted a copy of Tarantella online, in 2021, Nolan's production company filed a copyright infringement claim, to have the film removed.[17]

Nolan was educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College, an independent school in Hertford Heath, Hertfordshire, and later studied English literature at University College London (UCL). Opting out of a traditional film education, he pursued "a degree in something unrelated", which his father suggested "gives a different take on things".[18] He chose UCL specifically for its filmmaking facilities, which comprised a Steenbeck editing suite and 16 mm film cameras.[19] Nolan was president of the Union's Film Society,[19] and with Emma Thomas (his girlfriend and future wife) he screened feature films in 35mm during the school year and used the money earned to produce 16 mm films over the summers.[20]

Career

[edit]

1993–2003: Early career and breakthrough

[edit]

After earning his bachelor's degree in English literature in 1993, Nolan worked as a script reader, camera operator and director of corporate films and industrial films.[19][21][22] He directed, wrote and edited the short film Larceny (1996),[23] which was filmed over a weekend in black and white with limited equipment and a small cast and crew.[15][24] Funded by Nolan and shot with the UCL Union Film society's equipment, it appeared at the Cambridge Film Festival in 1996 and is considered one of UCL's best shorts.[25] For unknown reasons, the film has since been removed from public view.[23] Nolan filmed a third short, Doodlebug (1997), about a man seemingly chasing an insect with his shoe, only to discover that it is a miniature of himself.[18][26]

Nolan and Thomas first attempted to make a feature in the mid-1990s titled Larry Mahoney, which they scrapped.[27] During this period in his career, Nolan had little to no success getting his projects off the ground, facing several rejections; he added, "[T]here's a very limited pool of finance in the UK. To be honest, it's a very clubby kind of place ... Never had any support whatsoever from the British film industry."[28]

Shortly after abandoning Larry Mahoney, Nolan conceived the idea for his first feature, Following (1998), which he wrote, directed, photographed and edited. The film depicts an unemployed young writer (Jeremy Theobald) who trails strangers through London, hoping they will provide material for his first novel, but is drawn into a criminal underworld when he fails to keep his distance. It was inspired by Nolan's experience of living in London and having his apartment burgled; he observed that the common attribute between larceny and pursuing someone through a crowd was that they both cross social boundaries.[29] Co-produced by Nolan with Thomas and Theobald,[30] it was made on a budget of around £3,000. Most of the cast and crew were friends of Nolan, and shooting took place on weekends over the course of a year.[31] To conserve film stock, each scene was rehearsed extensively to ensure that the first or second take could be used in the final edit.[18][32] Following won several awards during its festival run and was well-received by critics who labelled Nolan a majorly talented debutant.[33][34] Scott Timberg of New Times LA wrote that it "echoed Hitchcock classics", but was "leaner and meaner".[35] Janet Maslin of The New York Times was impressed with its "spare look" and "agile hand-held camerawork", saying, "As a result, the actors convincingly carry off the before, during and after modes that the film eventually, and artfully, weaves together."[36]

"The difference between shooting Following with a group of friends wearing our own clothes and my mum making sandwiches to spending $4 million of somebody else's money on Memento and having a crew of a hundred people is, to this day, by far the biggest leap I've ever made."

—Nolan on the jump from his first film to his second (2012)[37]

Following's success afforded Nolan the opportunity to make Memento (2000), which became his breakthrough film. His brother Jonathan pitched the idea to him, about a man with anterograde amnesia who uses notes and tattoos to hunt for his wife's murderer. Jonathan worked the idea into a short story, "Memento Mori" (2001), and Nolan developed it into a screenplay that told the story in reverse. Aaron Ryder, an executive for Newmarket Films, said it was "perhaps the most innovative script I had ever seen".[38] The film was optioned and given a budget of $4.5 million, with Guy Pearce and Carrie-Anne Moss in the starring roles.[39] Newmarket also distributed the film after it was rejected by studios who feared that it would not attract a wide audience. Following a positive word of mouth and screenings in 500 theatres, it earned $40 million.[40] Memento premiered at the Venice Film Festival in September 2000 to critical acclaim.[41] Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal wrote in his review, "I can't remember when a movie has seemed so clever, strangely affecting and slyly funny at the very same time."[42] In the book The Philosophy of Neo-Noir, Basil Smith drew a comparison with John Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, which argues that conscious memories constitute our identities – a theme Nolan explores in the film.[43] Memento earned Nolan many accolades, including nominations for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay, as well as two Independent Spirit Awards: Best Director and Best Screenplay.[44][45] Six critics listed it as one of the best films of the 2000s.[46] In 2001, Nolan and Emma Thomas founded the production company Syncopy Inc.[47][b]

Impressed by his work on Memento, filmmaker Steven Soderbergh recommended Nolan to Warner Bros. to direct the psychological thriller Insomnia (2002), although the studio initially wanted a more seasoned director.[49] A remake of the 1997 Norwegian thriller of the same name, the film is viewed as "the outlier of Nolan's filmography" due to its perceived lack of unconventionality he is known for.[50] Starring Al Pacino, Robin Williams and Hilary Swank,[51] Insomnia follows two Los Angeles detectives sent to a northern Alaskan town to investigate the murder of a local teenager. It received positive reviews from critics and earned $113 million against a budget of $46 million.[52][53] Film critic Roger Ebert praised the film for introducing new perspectives and ideas on the issues of morality and guilt, adding, "Unlike most remakes, the Nolan Insomnia is not a pale retread, but a re-examination of the material, like a new production of a good play."[54] Richard Schickel of Time deemed Insomnia a "worthy successor" to Memento and "a triumph of atmosphere over a none-too-mysterious mystery".[55]

Following, Memento and Insomnia established Nolan's image as an "auteur".[56] After the lattermost, he wrote a screenplay for a Howard Hughes biopic. Nolan reluctantly tabled his script after learning that Martin Scorsese was already making one such film: The Aviator (2004).[57] He was then briefly attached to direct a film adaptation of Ruth Rendell's novel The Keys to the Street for Fox Searchlight Pictures but chose to direct Batman Begins instead.[58] Nolan turned down an offer to direct the historical epic Troy (2004).[59] In April 2003, filmmaker David O. Russell put Nolan in a headlock at a Hollywood party after learning that Jude Law, whom Russell wanted to cast, had decided to work with Nolan instead. Russell pressured Nolan to display "artistic solidarity" by relinquishing Law from his cast.[60][61]

2003–2013: Widespread recognition

[edit]

In early 2003, Nolan approached Warner Bros. with the idea of making a new Batman film, based on the character's origin story.[62] Nolan was fascinated by the notion of grounding it in a more realistic world than a comic-book fantasy.[63] He relied heavily on traditional stunts and miniature effects during filming, with minimal use of computer-generated imagery (CGI).[64] Batman Begins (2005), the biggest project Nolan had undertaken to that point,[65] was released to critical acclaim and commercial success.[66][67] Starring Christian Bale as Bruce Wayne / Batman—along with Michael Caine, Gary Oldman, Morgan Freeman and Liam Neeson—Batman Begins revived the franchise.[68][69] Batman Begins was 2005's ninth-highest-grossing film and was praised for its psychological depth and contemporary relevance;[67][70] it is cited as one of the most influential films of the 2000s.[71] Film author Ian Nathan wrote that within five years of his career, Nolan "[went] from unknown to indie darling to gaining creative control over one of the biggest properties in Hollywood, and (perhaps unwittingly) fomenting the genre that would redefine the entire industry".[72]

Nolan directed, co-wrote and produced The Prestige (2006), an adaptation of the Christopher Priest novel about two rival 19th-century magicians.[73] The screenplay was the result of an intermittent, five-year collaboration between him and his brother Jonathan, who had begun writing it already in 2001. Nolan initially intended to make the film as early as 2003, but had postponed the project after agreeing to make Batman Begins.[74][75] Starring Hugh Jackman and Christian Bale in the lead roles of rival magicians, The Prestige received critical acclaim and received two Academy Award nominations.[76][77] Roger Ebert described it as "quite a movie – atmospheric, obsessive, almost satanic",[78] and Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times called it an "ambitious, unnerving melodrama".[79] The Guardian's Philip French wrote: "In addition to the intellectual or philosophical excitement it engenders, The Prestige is gripping, suspenseful, mysterious, moving and often darkly funny."[80] Despite a negative box-office prognosis, the film earned over $109 million against a budget of $40 million.[81]

Christopher Nolan speaking to the mic while four people are standing behind him
Nolan (left) with the cast and crew of The Dark Knight at the 2008 European premiere in London

The Dark Knight (2008), the follow-up to Batman Begins, was Nolan's next venture. Initially reluctant to make a sequel, he agreed after Warner Bros. repeatedly insisted.[82] Nolan wanted to expand on the noir quality of the first film by broadening the canvas and taking on "the dynamic of a story of the city, a large crime story ... where you're looking at the police, the justice system, the vigilante, the poor people, the rich people, the criminals".[83] Continuing to minimise the use of CGI, Nolan employed high-resolution IMAX cameras, making it the first major motion picture to use this technology.[84][85] The Dark Knight has been ranked as one of the best films of the 2000s and one of the best superhero films ever made.[c] Many critics declare The Dark Knight to be "the most successful comic book film ever made".[90] Manohla Dargis of The New York Times found the film to be of higher artistic merit than many Hollywood blockbusters: "Pitched at the divide between art and industry, poetry and entertainment, it goes darker and deeper than any Hollywood movie of its comic-book kind."[91] Ebert expressed a similar point of view, describing it as a "haunted film that leaps beyond its origins and becomes an engrossing tragedy".[92] The Dark Knight set many box-office records during its theatrical run,[93] earning over $1 billion worldwide.[94] At the 81st Academy Awards, the film was nominated in eight categories, winning two: Best Sound Editing for Richard King and a posthumous Best Supporting Actor award for Heath Ledger.[95] The film's failure to garner a Best Picture nomination was criticised by the media. Beginning in 2010, the Academy increased their Best Picture nominees from five to ten, a change known as "The Dark Knight Rule".[96] Nolan received many awards and nominations for his work on the film.[44] In the late 2000s, Nolan was reported to direct a film adaptation of the 1960s television series The Prisoner.[58][97]

The success of The Dark Knight allowed Warner Bros. to sign Nolan to write, direct and co-produce Inception (2010) – a film for which he had the idea around nine years before its release.[98] Nolan described the film as "a contemporary sci-fi actioner set within the architecture of the mind".[99] Starring a large ensemble cast led by Leonardo DiCaprio, the film became a critical and commercial success upon its release.[100] Film critic Mark Kermode named it the best film of 2010, stating "Inception is proof that people are not stupid, that cinema is not trash, and that it is possible for blockbusters and art to be the same thing."[101] Philosophy professor David Kyle Johnson wrote that "Inception became a classic almost as soon as it was projected on silver screens", praising its exploration of philosophical ideas, including leap of faith and allegory of the cave.[102] The film grossed over $836 million worldwide.[103] Nominated for eight Academy Awards—including Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay—it won Best Cinematography, Best Sound Mixing, Best Sound Editing and Best Visual Effects.[104] Nolan was nominated for a BAFTA Award and a Golden Globe Award for Best Director, among other accolades.[44]

Christopher Nolan is looking directly towards the camera.
Nolan at the 2013 premiere of Man of Steel in London

Around the release of The Dark Knight Rises (2012), Nolan's third and final Batman film, Joseph Bevan of the British Film Institute wrote a profile on him: "In the space of just over a decade, Christopher Nolan has shot from promising British indie director to undisputed master of a new brand of intelligent escapism."[105] After initial hesitation, Nolan agreed to return to direct The Dark Knight Rises and worked with his brother and David S. Goyer to develop a story that he felt would end the trilogy on a high note.[106] The film was released to positive reviews.[107] Kenneth Turan found the film "potent, persuasive and hypnotic" and "more than an exceptional superhero movie, it is masterful filmmaking by any standard".[108] Christy Lemire of HuffPost wrote in her review that Nolan concluded his trilogy in a "typically spectacular, ambitious fashion", but disliked the "overloaded" story and excessive grimness.[109] The Dark Knight Rises was a box office success, becoming the thirteenth film to gross $1 billion.[110] During a midnight showing of the film in Aurora, Colorado, a gunman opened fire inside the theatre, killing 12 people and injuring 58 others.[111] Nolan released a statement expressing his condolences for the victims of what he described as a "senseless tragedy".[112]

The Dark Knight trilogy inspired a trend in future superhero films seeking to replicate its gritty, realistic tone to little success. The second instalment in particular revitalised the genre at a time when recent superhero films had failed to meet expectations.[113][114] Ben Child of The Guardian wrote that the three films "will remain thrilling totems of the genre for decades to come".[113] During story discussions for The Dark Knight Rises, Goyer told Nolan of his idea about Man of Steel (2013), which the latter would produce.[115] Impressed with Zack Snyder's work in 300 (2006) and Watchmen (2009), Nolan hired him to direct the film.[116] Starring Henry Cavill as Clark Kent who learns that he is a powerful alien, Man of Steel received mixed reviews and grossed more than $660 million against a budget of $220 million.[117][118]

2014–2019: Interstellar, Dunkirk and other activities

[edit]
Jonathan Nolan looking to his left
Nolan and his younger brother, Jonathan (pictured in 2017), wrote several screenplays together, including that of Interstellar.

Nolan next directed, wrote and produced the science-fiction film Interstellar (2014). The first drafts of the script were written by Jonathan Nolan, and it was originally to be directed by Steven Spielberg.[119] Based on the scientific theories of theoretical physicist Kip Thorne, the film follows a group of astronauts who travel through a wormhole in search of a new home for humanity.[120] In a 2014 discussion of the film's physics, Nolan expressed his admiration for scientific objectivity, wishing it were applied "in every aspect of our civilisation".[121] Interstellar – starring Matthew McConaughey, Anne Hathaway and Jessica Chastain – was released to positive reviews and grossed $773 million worldwide.[122][123] Observing its "visual dazzle, thematic ambition", The New York Times's A. O. Scott wrote that Interstellar is a "sweeping, futuristic adventure driven by grief, dread and regret".[124] Documentary filmmaker Toni Myers called the film "a real work of art" and praised it for exploring a story spanning multiple generations.[125] Interstellar was particularly praised for its scientific accuracy, which led to the publication of two academic papers.[126][127] The American Journal of Physics called for it to be shown in school science lessons.[128][129] At the 87th Academy Awards, the film won Best Visual Effects and received four other nominations.[130] Also in 2014, Nolan and Emma Thomas served as executive producers on Transcendence, the directorial debut of his longtime cinematographer Wally Pfister.[131]

In the mid-2010s, Nolan took part in several ventures for film preservation and distribution of the work of lesser-known filmmakers. His production company, Syncopy, formed a joint venture with Zeitgeist Films to release Blu-ray editions of Zeitgeist's films.[132] As a part of the Blu-ray release of the animation films of the Brothers Quay, Nolan directed the documentary short Quay (2015). He initiated a theatrical tour, showcasing the Quays' In Absentia, The Comb and Street of Crocodiles. IndieWire wrote that the brothers "will undoubtedly have hundreds, if not thousands more fans because of Nolan, and for that The Quay Brothers in 35mm will always be one of [the] latter's most important contributions to cinema".[133][134] An advocate for the survival of the analogue medium, Nolan and visual artist Tacita Dean invited representatives from leading American film archives, laboratories and presenting institutions to participate in an informal summit entitled Reframing the Future of Film at the Getty Museum in March 2015.[135][136] Subsequent events were held at Tate Modern in London, Museo Tamayo in Mexico City and Tata Theatre in Mumbai.[137] In April 2015, Nolan joined the board of directors of The Film Foundation, a non-profitable organisation dedicated to film preservation,[138] and was appointed, along with Martin Scorsese, by the Library of Congress to serve on the National Film Preservation Board as DGA representatives.[139] Nolan serves on the Motion Picture & Television Fund Board of Governors.[140]

After serving as an executive producer on Zack Snyder's Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) and Justice League (2017),[141][142] Nolan returned to directing with Dunkirk (2017). Based on his own original screenplay and co-produced with Thomas, the film is set amid World War II in 1940 and the evacuation of Allied soldiers from the beaches of Dunkirk, France. Describing the film as a survival tale with a triptych structure, Nolan wanted to make a "sensory, almost experimental movie" with minimal dialogue.[143] He said he waited to make Dunkirk until he had earned the trust of a major studio to let him make it as a British film but with an American budget.[144] Before filming, Nolan sought advice from Spielberg, who later said in an interview with Variety, "knowing and respecting that Chris [Nolan] is one of the world's most imaginative filmmakers, my advice to him was to leave his imagination, as I did on Ryan, in second position to the research he was doing to authentically acquit this historical drama".[145] Starring an ensemble cast,[146] Dunkirk was released to widespread critical acclaim and strong box office results.[147][148][149] It grossed over $526 million worldwide, making it the highest-grossing World War II film of all time.[150] In his review, Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote: "It's one of the best war films ever made, distinct in its look, in its approach and in the effect it has on viewers. There are movies—they are rare—that lift you out of your present circumstances and immerse you so fully in another experience that you watch in a state of jaw-dropped awe. Dunkirk is that kind of movie."[151] The film received many accolades, including Nolan's first Oscar nomination for Best Director.[152]

A picture showing five people standing on a red carpet
Nolan (right) with Keir Dullea, Katharina Kubrick, Ron Sanders and Jan Harlan at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival

In 2018, Nolan supervised a new 70 mm print of Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), made from the original camera negative; he presented it at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival.[153] USA Today observed that festival-goers greeted Nolan "like a rock star with a standing ovation".[154] A year later, Nolan and Thomas received executive producer credits on The Doll's Breath (2019), an animated short directed by the Quay brothers.[155]

2020–present: Tenet and Oppenheimer

[edit]

Nolan's next film was the science fiction film Tenet (2020), described by Tom Shone of The Sunday Times as "a globe-spinning riff on all things Nolanesque".[156] Nolan had worked on the screenplay for more than five years after deliberating about its central ideas for over a decade.[157] Delayed three times due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Tenet was the first Hollywood tent-pole to open in theatres after the pandemic shutdown.[158] The film tells the story of an unnamed protagonist (played by John David Washington) who travels through time to stop a world-threatening attack.[159] It grossed $363 million worldwide on a production budget of $200 million, becoming Nolan's first to underperform at the box-office.[160] Tenet was described as his most polarising film; critics praised the ambition and technical aspects but found its story confusing.[161][152] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian awarded it five out of five, calling it "a cerebral cadenza, a deadpan flourish of crazy implausibility—but supercharged with steroidal energy and imagination".[162] Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter described it as "a chilly, cerebral film—easy to admire, especially since it's so rich in audacity and originality, but almost impossible to love, lacking as it is in a certain humanity".[163] At the 93rd Academy Awards, the film won Best Visual Effects and was nominated for Best Production Design.[164] Following the release of Tenet, Nolan joined the Advisory Board of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers.[165] He served as an executive producer on Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021), a director's cut of 2017's Justice League.[166]

Nolan at BFI Southbank in 2024

Nolan's 12th film was Oppenheimer (2023), a biopic based on J. Robert Oppenheimer (played by Cillian Murphy) and his role in the development of the atom bomb.[167] It was Nolan's first R-rated film since Insomnia (2002).[168] The film was financed and distributed by Universal Pictures, making it Nolan's first feature film since Memento that was not made for Warner Bros. He disagreed with Warner Bros.' decision to simultaneously release their films in theatres and on HBO Max.[169] Nolan secured the deal with Universal after he was promised a production budget of around $100 million with an equal marketing budget, total creative control, 20 per cent of first-dollar gross, a 100-day theatrical window and a blackout period from the studio wherein the company would not release another film three weeks before or after Oppenheimer's release.[170] The film received critical acclaim.[171] Matthew Jackson of The A.V. Club wrote, "Oppenheimer deserves the title of masterpiece. It's Christopher Nolan's best film so far, a step up to a new level for one of our finest filmmakers, and a movie that burns itself into your brain."[172] Terming it "boldly imaginative and [Nolan's] most mature work yet", BBC Culture's Caryn James added that it combined the "explosive, commercially-enticing action of The Dark Knight trilogy" with the "cerebral underpinnings" of Memento, Inception and Tenet.[173] Oppenheimer grossed over $975 million worldwide, making it the third-highest-grossing film of 2023.[174] Among the film's numerous accolades,[175][176] Nolan won the Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture.[177]

As of October 2024, Nolan will work with Universal Pictures once again for an as-yet untitled film, starring Matt Damon, Tom Holland, Zendaya, Anne Hathaway, Lupita Nyong'o, Robert Pattinson, and Charlize Theron, and scheduled for release in July 2026.[178][179]

Personal life and public image

[edit]
Christopher Nolan, on the right, is looking directly towards the camera as Emma Thomas is looking to her right.
Nolan and his wife Emma Thomas in January 2011. Thomas has worked as a producer on all of Nolan's films since 1997.

Nolan is married to Emma Thomas, whom he met at University College London when he was 19.[12][20] She has worked as a producer on all of his films since 1997.[47][180] The couple have four children and reside in Los Angeles.[181]

Nolan prefers to maintain a certain level of mystery about his work.[182] Refusing to discuss his personal life,[183] he feels that too much biographical information about a filmmaker detracts from the experience of his audiences. "I actually don't want people to have me in mind at all when they're watching the films."[182] He does not own a smartphone or email address, preferring to hand-deliver his scripts to actors instead and have his wife handle outreach with producers and distributors.[184]

Filmmaking style

[edit]
Main article: Cinematic style of Christopher Nolan

Nolan's films are largely centred in metaphysical themes, exploring the concepts of time, memory and personal identity.[185][186] His work is characterised by mathematically inspired ideas and images, unconventional narrative structures, materialistic perspectives, and evocative use of music and sound.[d] Filmmaker Guillermo del Toro called Nolan "an emotional mathematician".[191] BBC's arts editor Will Gompertz described him as "an art house auteur making intellectually ambitious blockbuster movies that can leave your pulse racing and your head spinning".[192] Joseph Bevan wrote, "His films allow arthouse regulars to enjoy superhero flicks and multiplex crowds to engage with labyrinthine plot conceits."[105] Nolan views himself as "an indie filmmaker working inside the studio system".[193]

"Christopher Nolan doesn't make sense. And that is exactly how he likes it. In twenty-three years and through twelve films, he has defied the laws of Hollywood by creating startling, original genre pieces that have revelled in their own complexity, confounding every maxim by which the studios hope to appeal to the widest audience. And yet he does that too. Cinemas fill on the possibility of the next Nolan film. Whatever form it might take."

—Film author Ian Nathan on Nolan as a filmmaker (2022)[194]

In the sixteen-essay book The Philosophy of Christopher Nolan, professional philosophers and writers analysed Nolan's work; they identified themes of self-destruction, the nature and value of the truth, and the political mindset of the hero and villain, among others.[195] Robbie B. H. Goh, a professor of English literature, described Nolan as a "philosophical filmmaker" who includes philosophical ideas—existentialism, morality, epistemology and the distinction between appearance and reality—in films that frequently portray suspense, action and violence. Goh appreciated his ability to incorporate such themes in films that possess "elements of the Hollywood blockbuster"—which help keep the audiences engaged—but simultaneously remain "more thoughtful and self-reflexive than the typical consumerist action film".[196] He further wrote that Nolan's body of work reflect "a heterogeneity of conditions of products" extending from low-budget films to lucrative blockbusters, "a wide range of genres and settings" and "a diversity of styles that trumpet his versatility".[197]

David Bordwell, a film theorist, wrote that Nolan has been able to blend his "experimental impulses" with the demands of mainstream entertainment, describing his oeuvre as "experiments with cinematic time by means of techniques of subjective viewpoint and crosscutting".[198] Nolan's use of practical, in-camera effects, miniatures and models, as well as shooting on celluloid film, has been highly influential in early 21st century cinema.[199][200] IndieWire wrote in 2019 that Nolan "kept a viable alternate model of big-budget filmmaking alive", in an era where blockbuster filmmaking has become "a largely computer-generated art form".[200] Because of Nolan's deep involvement in the technical facet of his films, Stuart Joy described him as a "complete filmmaker", who "oversees all aspects of production while also managing cultural and industrial factors outside of the text".[201]

Recognition

[edit]

Nolan has made some of the most influential and popular films of his time.[e] Many of his films have been regarded by critics as among the best of their respective decades,[46][206][207] and according to The Wall Street Journal, his "ability to combine box-office success with artistic ambition has given him an extraordinary amount of clout in the industry".[208] His films have earned more than $6 billion.[209] Nolan's films Memento and The Dark Knight have been selected by the US Library of Congress to be preserved in the National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically or aesthetically" significant.[210][211] These films and Inception appeared in BBC's 100 Greatest Films of the 21st Century and The Hollywood Reporter's poll of best films ever made.[212][213] In 2017, The Dark Knight, Inception and Interstellar featured in Empire magazine's poll of "The 100 Greatest Movies".[214] In 2018, The Hollywood Reporter listed Nolan as one of the 100 most powerful people in entertainment and described him as a "franchise unto himself".[215] Parade ranked Nolan number eight in its 2022 list of 75 Best Movie Directors of All Time.[216]

Four-color National Film Registry logo on black background
Two of Nolan's films (Memento and The Dark Knight) have been selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry.[210][211]

Nolan's work has been as "intensely embraced, analysed and debated by ordinary film fans as by critics and film academics".[183][217] Calling him "a persuasively inventive storyteller", Geoff Andrew of the British Film Institute named Nolan one of the few contemporary filmmakers producing highly personal films within the Hollywood mainstream. Andrew wrote that Nolan's films are "not so much [notable] for their considerable technical virtuosity and visual flair as for their brilliant narrative ingenuity and their unusually adult interest in complex philosophical questions".[218] David Bordwell observed that Nolan is "considered one of the most accomplished living filmmakers", citing his ability to turn genre movies into both art and event films, as well as his box office numbers, critical acclaim and popularity among cinemagoers.[198][219] In 2008, Philip French deemed Nolan "the first major talent to emerge this century".[220] Mark Kermode complimented Nolan for bringing "the discipline and ethics of art-house independent moviemaking and apply[ing] them to Hollywood blockbusters. He's living proof that you don't have to appeal to the lowest common denominator to be profitable".[221] The Observer's Ryan Gilbey described Nolan as a "skillful, stylish storyteller, capable of combining the spectacle of Spielberg with the intellectual intricacy of Nicolas Roeg or Alain Resnais".[222] Mark Cousins applauded Nolan for embracing big ideas, "Hollywood filmmakers generally shy away from ideas—but not Christopher Nolan".[223] Scott Foundas of Variety declared Nolan "the premier big-canvas storyteller of his generation",[224] and Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times called him "the great proceduralist of 21st century blockbuster filmmaking, a lover of nuts-and-bolts minutiae".[225]

Nolan has been praised by many of his contemporaries, and his work has influenced them.[226][227][228] Kenneth Branagh called Nolan's approach to large-scale filmmaking "unique in modern cinema", adding, "regardless of how popular his movies become, he remains an artist and an auteur. I think for that reason he has become a heroic figure for both the audience and the people working behind the camera."[229] Michael Mann complimented Nolan for his "singular vision" and credited with "invent[ing] the post-heroic superhero".[230] Nicolas Roeg said of Nolan, "People talk about 'commercial art' and the term is usually self-negating; Nolan works in the commercial arena and yet there's something very poetic about his work."[231] Martin Scorsese identified Nolan as a filmmaker creating "beautifully made films on a big scale".[232]

Damien Chazelle lauded Nolan for his ability "to make the most seemingly impersonal projects—superhero epics, deep-space mind-benders—feel deeply personal".[233] Discussing the difference between art films and big studio blockbusters, Steven Spielberg referred to Nolan's Dark Knight series as an example of both;[234] he has described Memento and Inception as "masterworks".[235] Denis Villeneuve was impressed by Nolan's ability "to keep his identity and create his own universe in that large scope ... To bring intellectual concepts and to bring them in that scope to the screen right now—it's very rare. Every movie that he comes out with, I have more admiration for his work."[236] James Cameron expressed disappointment that Nolan was not nominated for an Academy Award as Best Director for Inception, calling it "the most astounding piece of film creation and direction of the year, hands down".[235]

Filmography

[edit]
Main article: Christopher Nolan filmography

Awards and honours

[edit]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Christopher Nolan
A hand and footprint reading "Christopher Nolan" at the top and "7/7/2012" at the bottom.
Nolan's hand and shoeprints in front of the Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood

Nolan has been nominated for eight Academy Awards (winning two), eight British Academy Film Awards (winning two) and six Golden Globe Awards (winning one).[44][237][238][239] Nolan was named an Honorary Fellow of UCL in 2006,[240] and conferred an honorary doctorate in literature in 2017.[241] From 2011 to 2014, he appeared in Forbes Celebrity 100 list based on his income and popularity.[242] In 2012, he became the youngest director to receive a hand-and-footprint ceremony at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles.[243] Nolan appeared in Time's 100 most influential people in the world in 2015.[244] He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2019 New Year Honours for services to film.[245] In 2023, he was awarded the Federation of American Scientists' Public Service Award for his depiction of scientists in his film Oppenheimer.[246] In 2024, Nolan received the British Film Institute Fellowship in recognition of his "extraordinary achievements and enormous contribution to cinema,"[247] and the Honorary César award from the Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinéma for "continually push[ing] the boundaries of storytelling."[248] In March 2024, Nolan was made a knight bachelor for his contributions to film, while his wife Emma Thomas was honoured with a damehood.[249][250]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Nolan has continued his collaboration with the Belic brothers, receiving a credit for his editorial assistance on their Oscar-nominated documentary Genghis Blues (1999).[14]
  2. ^ The name of the company is derived from syncope, a medical term for fainting. Sorcha Ní Fhlainn, a lecturer specialising in film studies, alluded this wordplay to Nolan's style of "disorientation" in his work. She also associated the name with synthetic and philosopher Jean Baudrillard's treatise Simulacra and Simulation.[48]
  3. ^ Attributed to multiple references[46][86][87][88][89]
  4. ^ Attributed to multiple references[187][188][189][190]
  5. ^ Attributed to multiple references[202][203][204][205]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Christopher Nolan, although a native of London, proudly traces his lineage back to Irish roots'". Archived from the original on 12 March 2024.
  2. ^ Grimes, Christopher (21 July 2023). "Director Christopher Nolan: 'Oppenheimer is absolutely a cautionary tale'". Financial Times. ISSN 0307-1766. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  3. ^ Writers Bloc Presents: Christopher Nolan, Tom Shone and Kenneth Branagh. Writers Bloc Presents. 2 December 2020. Event occurs at 56:02. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  4. ^ Gomez, Luis (22 July 2014). "Batman's Chicago connection". Chicago Tribune.
  5. ^ Nathan 2022, pp. 12–13.
  6. ^ "Nolan's Mind Games". Film London. 14 July 2010. Archived from the original on 22 November 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
  7. ^ a b Mooney 2018, p. 4.
  8. ^ Nathan 2022, pp. 116, 159.
  9. ^ Nathan 2022, p. 159.
  10. ^ Nathan 2022, pp. 11, 16.
  11. ^ Purcell, Andrew (4 November 2014). "Christopher Nolan's Interstellar brings back the Spielberg-style family blockbuster". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  12. ^ a b Lawrence, Will (19 July 2012). "Christopher Nolan interview for Inception". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 17 November 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2014. (subscription required)
  13. ^ Shone 2020, p. 26.
  14. ^ Mooney 2018, p. 156.
  15. ^ a b Mooney 2018, p. 5.
  16. ^ Shone 2020, p. 48.
  17. ^ Kuo, Christopher (7 March 2024). "The Film Christopher Nolan Doesn't Want You to Watch". New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  18. ^ a b c Mooney 2018, p. 6.
  19. ^ a b c Tempest, Matthew (24 February 2011). "I was there at the Inception of Christopher Nolan's film career". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
  20. ^ a b "Wally Pfister ASC on Christopher Nolan's Inception". American Society of Cinematographers. 2010. Archived from the original on 11 April 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  21. ^ Feinberg, Scott (3 January 2015). "Christopher Nolan on Interstellar Critics, Making Original Films and Shunning Cell Phones and Email (Q&A)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  22. ^ "Fearville (1997)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  23. ^ a b Nathan 2022, p. 34.
  24. ^ "Christopher Nolan: The Movies. The Memories". Empire. No. 253. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  25. ^ "UCLU Film Society, London". University College London. Archived from the original on 10 August 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  26. ^ Hooton, Christopher (10 April 2017). "Christopher Nolan's student short film Doodlebug shows the Dunkirk director's humble beginnings". The Independent. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  27. ^ Whitington, Paul (22 August 2020). "How Christopher Nolan has held true to his sweeping vision with Tenet". Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.(subscription required)
  28. ^ Pulver, Andrew (15 June 2005). "He's not a god – he's human". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  29. ^ Nathan 2022, pp. 20–21.
  30. ^ Shone 2020, p. 441.
  31. ^ Nathan 2022, pp. 24, 42.
  32. ^ Tobias, Scott (5 June 2002). "Interview: Christopher Nolan". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on 18 October 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  33. ^ "Tiger Awards Competition: previous winners". International Film Festival Rotterdam. Archived from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  34. ^ Nathan 2022, pp. 30–31.
  35. ^ Timberg, Scott (15 March 2001). "Indie Angst". New Times LA. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2013 – via CineFiles.
  36. ^ Maslin, Janet (2 April 1999). "Film Festival Review: Walking Along a Crooked Path". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  37. ^ Macdonald, Moira (17 July 2012). "An interview with Christopher Nolan". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  38. ^ Mottram 2002, p. 176.
  39. ^ Mottram 2002, p. 177.
  40. ^ Nathan 2022, pp. 45–48.
  41. ^ Mottram 2002, pp. 62–64.
  42. ^ Morgenstern, Joe (16 March 2001). "Hero With No Memory Turns Memento Into Unforgettable Trip". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2014. (subscription required)
  43. ^ Smith 2007, p. 35.
  44. ^ a b c d "Christopher Nolan awards". The New York Times. 2013. Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  45. ^ Shone 2020, p. 19.
  46. ^ a b c Dietz, Jason (3 January 2010). "Film Critics Pick the Best Movies of the Decade". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  47. ^ a b "The Z to A of Christopher Nolan". Empire. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  48. ^ Ní Fhlainn 2015, p. 161.
  49. ^ deWaard & Tait 2013, p. 49.
  50. ^ Nathan 2022, p. 50.
  51. ^ Shone 2020, p. 442.
  52. ^ "Insomnia". Rotten Tomatoes. 24 May 2002. Archived from the original on 2 August 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  53. ^ "Insomnia". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 8 August 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  54. ^ Ebert, Roger (24 May 2002). "Insomnia review". RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  55. ^ Schickel, Richard (19 May 2002). "Sleepless in Alaska". Time. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  56. ^ Hill-Parks 2015, p. 26.
  57. ^ Nathan 2022, pp. 64–65.
  58. ^ a b Chapman, Wilson (20 July 2023). "Christopher Nolan's Unmade Films: Movies the Oppenheimer Director Almost Made". IndieWire. Archived from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  59. ^ Jagernauth, Kevin (21 June 2013). "Trivia: When Christopher Nolan First Came to Warner Bros., He Was Offered Troy to Direct". IndieWire. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  60. ^ Waxman, Sharon (19 September 2004). "The Nudist Buddhist Borderline-Abusive Love-In". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  61. ^ Zhan, Jennifer (5 October 2022). "A Timeline of the Allegations Against Amsterdam Director David O. Russell". Vulture. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  62. ^ Greenberg, James (8 May 2005). "Rescuing Batman". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  63. ^ Nathan 2022, pp. 73–75.
  64. ^ Nathan 2022, p. 69.
  65. ^ Foundas, Scott. "Christopher Nolan looks back over the Dark Knight trilogy in this extended interview". Film Comment. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
  66. ^ "Batman Begins". Rotten Tomatoes. 15 June 2005. Archived from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  67. ^ a b "2005 Worldwide Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  68. ^ Sims, David (10 June 2015). "The Complicated Legacy of Batman Begins". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015. (subscription required)
  69. ^ Adler, Shawn (14 August 2008). "He-Man' Movie Will Go Realistic: 'We're Not Talking About Putting Nipples on the Trapjaw Suit". MTV. Archived from the original on 2 September 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  70. ^ "Christopher Nolan Season at BFI Southbank in July 2012" (PDF). British Film Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  71. ^ Rothman, Michael (16 June 2019). "Batman Begins: 5 Ways the Movie Changed Hollywood". ABC News. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
  72. ^ Nathan 2022, pp. 58–59.
  73. ^ Nathan 2022, p. 78.
  74. ^ Nathan 2022, p. 79.
  75. ^ Fleming, Michael (16 April 2003). "Nolan wants 'Prestige'". Variety. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  76. ^ Child, Ben (28 November 2014). "Prestige novelist: Christopher Nolan's Batman movies 'boring and pretentious'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  77. ^ "Oscars 2007: full list of winners and nominees". The Guardian. 26 February 2007. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  78. ^ Ebert, Roger (6 September 2007). "Now you see him...now you see him!". RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  79. ^ Turan, Kenneth (20 October 2006). "They've got something up their sleeves". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  80. ^ French, Philip (12 November 2006). "The Prestige". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  81. ^ Nathan 2022, pp. 85, 94–95.
  82. ^ Nathan 2022, pp. 96–97.
  83. ^ Jolin, Dan. "The Dark Knight: The Original Feature". Empire. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  84. ^ Joy 2015, p. 13.
  85. ^ Tapley, Kristopher (18 July 2018). "The Dark Knight Set for 10th Anniversary Imax Re-Release (Exclusive)". Variety. Archived from the original on 19 July 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  86. ^ "The 50 Best Movies of the Decade (2000–2009)". Paste. 3 November 2009. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
  87. ^ "Review of the Decade – Year-By-Year: Empire's Films of the Decade". Empire. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  88. ^ Dockterman, Eliana (30 August 2018). "35 Sequels That Are Better Than the Original Movie". Time. Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  89. ^ "Readers' Poll: The 15 Greatest Superhero Movies". Rolling Stone. 9 April 2014. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  90. ^ Zornado & Reilly 2021, p. 166.
  91. ^ Dargis, Manohla (18 July 2008). "The Dark Knight-Showdown in Gotham Town". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
  92. ^ Ebert, Roger (16 July 2008). "The Dark Knight". RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on 2 January 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
  93. ^ Barnes, Brooks (28 July 2008). "Dark Knight Wins Again at Box Office". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 April 2009. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
  94. ^ "The Dark Knight (2008)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  95. ^ "The 81st Academy Awards (2009) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. 7 October 2014. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  96. ^ Weldon, Glen (25 January 2018). "A Superhero Movie Got a Screenplay Nomination: Glitch or Game-Changer?". NPR. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  97. ^ Siegel, Tatiana (12 March 2024). "Christopher Nolan's Final 'Oppenheimer' Payday Close to $100 Million (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  98. ^ McGowan 2012, p. 147.
  99. ^ Fleming, Michael (11 February 2009). "Nolan tackles Inception for WB". Variety. Archived from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2009.
  100. ^ Goldberg, Matt (23 December 2010). "Warner Bros. Keeping Inception in Oscar-voters' Minds With 'New' Behind-the-Scenes Featurette". Collider. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  101. ^ Kermode, Mark (24 December 2010). Kermode Uncut: My Top Five Films of the Year. BBC. Event occurs at 5:05. Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
  102. ^ Johnson 2020, p. 2.
  103. ^ "Inception (2010)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  104. ^ "2011 Academy Awards Nominations and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  105. ^ a b Bevan, Joseph (18 July 2012). "Christopher Nolan: escape artist". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  106. ^ Nathan 2022, pp. 138–139.
  107. ^ "The Dark Knight Rises receives overwhelmingly positive early reviews". NME. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  108. ^ Turan, Kenneth (18 July 2012). "Review: The Dark Knight Rises more than shines, and on many levels". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  109. ^ Lemire, Christy (16 July 2012). "Batman Review: Is The Dark Knight Rises an Epic Letdown?". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  110. ^ McClintock, Pamela (2 September 2012). "Box Office Milestone: Dark Knight Rises Crosses $1 Billion Worldwide". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  111. ^ Koole et al. 2013, pp. 147–148.
  112. ^ Morley, Will (20 July 2012). "Christopher Nolan on Theater Shooting: 'I Would Like to Express Our Profound Sorrow'". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  113. ^ a b Child, Ben (12 January 2015). "Christopher Nolan's Batman movies will endure". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  114. ^ Sims, David (18 July 2018). "The Dark Knight Changed Hollywood Movies Forever". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022. (subscription required)
  115. ^ Dibdin, Emma (26 March 2013). "Dark Knight inspired Man of Steel". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  116. ^ Itzkoff, Dave (22 May 2013). "Alien, Yet Familiar". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
  117. ^ "Man of Steel Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  118. ^ "Man of Steel". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  119. ^ Nathan 2022, pp. 160–161.
  120. ^ Jagernauth, Kevin (10 January 2013). "Christopher Nolan's Merging an Original Idea with Jonah Nolan's Old Screenplay for Interstellar". IndieWire. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
  121. ^ Kluger, Jeffery (24 November 2014). "Watch Christopher Nolan and Kip Thorne Discuss the Physics of Interstellar". Time. Archived from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  122. ^ "Interstellar Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  123. ^ "Interstellar (2014)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
  124. ^ Scott, A. O. (4 November 2014). "Off to the Stars, with Grief, Dread and Regret". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  125. ^ Trenholm, Richard (10 June 2016). "Space station film school: How astronauts shot this glorious IMAX movie". CNET. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  126. ^ James et al. 2015a.
  127. ^ James et al. 2015b.
  128. ^ Ghosh, Pallab (23 June 2015). "Interstellar 'should be shown in school lessons'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  129. ^ James et al. 2015b, p. 486.
  130. ^ D'Addario, Daniel (15 January 2015). "Oscars 2015: See the Full List of Nominees". Time. Archived from the original on 15 January 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  131. ^ Kit, Borys (13 June 2012). "Christopher Nolan to Exec Produce Wally Pfister's Directorial Debut". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  132. ^ McNary, Dave (19 February 2015). "Christopher Nolan's Syncopy Teaming With Zeitgeist on Blu-ray Releases (Exclusive)". Variety. Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  133. ^ Sharf, Zack (20 August 2015). "Why 'The Quay Brothers in 35mm' Is One of Christopher Nolan's Greatest Accomplishments". IndieWire. Archived from the original on 21 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  134. ^ Labrecque, Jeff (27 July 2015). "Christopher Nolan's next movie is a documentary short". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 29 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  135. ^ Foundas, Scott (11 March 2015). "Christopher Nolan Rallies the Troops to Save Celluloid Film". Variety. Archived from the original on 13 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  136. ^ Child, Ben (31 July 2014). "Tarantino and Nolan share a Kodak moment as studios fund film processing". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  137. ^ Sahani, Alaka (29 March 2018). "On Christopher Nolan's upcoming visit to India, celluloid in digital era and preservation of film heritage". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.(subscription required)
  138. ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (22 April 2015). "Christopher Nolan Joins Film Foundation Board". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 24 April 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  139. ^ "DGA Congratulates Martin Scorsese and Christopher Nolan on Appointments to National Film Preservation Board". The Directors Guild of America. 7 May 2015. Archived from the original on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  140. ^ "About Us". Motion Picture & Television Fund. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  141. ^ Nathan 2022, p. 246.
  142. ^ Nathan 2022, p. 247.
  143. ^ Golhen, Gaël (28 February 2017). "Exclu: Christopher Nolan et ses collaborateurs révèlent 7 infos sur Dunkerque" [Exclusive: Christopher Nolan and his collaborators reveal 7 facts about Dunkirk]. Première (in French). Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  144. ^ Nolan, Christopher (8 July 2017). "Spitfires, flotillas of boats, rough seas and 1,000 extras: Christopher Nolan on the making of Dunkirk, his most challenging film to date". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017. (subscription required)
  145. ^ Lang, Brent (8 November 2017). "Christopher Nolan Gets Candid on the State of Movies, Rise of TV and Spielberg's Influence". Variety. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  146. ^ McNary, Dave (11 March 2016). "Harry Styles, Fionn Whitehead to Star in Christopher Nolan WW2 Action-Thriller Dunkirk". Variety. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
  147. ^ McMillan, Graeme (17 July 2017). "Dunkirk: What the Critics Are Saying". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  148. ^ "Dunkirk Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 22 July 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  149. ^ Keegan, Rebecca (24 July 2017). "How Dunkirk, Summer's Boldest Box-Office Gamble, Paid Off". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on 27 July 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  150. ^ Mithaiwala, Mansoor (15 September 2017). "Dunkirk Becomes Highest Grossing WWII Film at Global Box Office". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on 3 November 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  151. ^ LaSalle, Mick (18 July 2017). "Not a victory, but a triumph in Dunkirk". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  152. ^ a b Sharf, Zack (21 August 2020). "Tenet Divides Critics: Nolan's Latest Called a 'Monumental Spectacle' and 'Head-Scratching' Dud". IndieWire. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  153. ^ Elsaesser 2020, p. 43.
  154. ^ Mandell, Andrea (13 May 2018). "Christopher Nolan inspires crazed Cannes crowd, talks Batman trilogy". USA Today. Archived from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  155. ^ "The Doll's Breath". Illuminations Media. 11 September 2019. Archived from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  156. ^ Shone, Tom (23 August 2020a). "Film review: Tenet". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020. (subscription required)
  157. ^ Maytum, Matt (June 2020). "Time to Spy". Total Film. No. 299. pp. 30–35.
  158. ^ Pamela, McClintock (6 September 2020). "Box Office: Tenet Debuts to $20M as U.S. Theaters Reopen, Nears $150M Globally". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  159. ^ Jones, Nate (4 September 2020). "A Beat-by-Beat Explanation of What Happens in Tenet". Vulture. Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  160. ^ Nathan 2022, p. 199.
  161. ^ "Tenet". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on 26 August 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  162. ^ Bradshaw, Peter (25 August 2020). "Tenet review – supremely ambitious race against time makes for superb cinema". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  163. ^ Felperin, Leslie (21 August 2020). "Tenet: Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  164. ^ Hipes, Patrick (15 March 2021). "Oscar Nominations: The Complete List". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 15 March 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  165. ^ Giardina, Carolyn (10 November 2020). "Christopher Nolan, Rob Legato Join SMPTE Engineers Advisory Board". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  166. ^ Guerrasio, Jason (10 March 2021). "Deborah Snyder says Christopher Nolan supported her husband Zack in his quest to make the 'Snyder cut'". Insider Inc. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  167. ^ Nathan 2022, p. 216.
  168. ^ Lupton, Drake (2 June 2023). "Oppenheimer: Release Date, Cast, Trailer, and Everything We Know About Christopher Nolan's New Movie". Collider. Archived from the original on 15 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  169. ^ Starkey, Adam (19 December 2022). "Here's what we know about Christopher Nolan's Oppenheimer". NME. Archived from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
  170. ^ Kit, Borys (15 September 2021). "Inside the Studios' (and Apple's) Frenzy to Get Christopher Nolan's Next Film". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 15 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  171. ^ "Oppenheimer". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  172. ^ Jackson, Matthew (19 July 2023). "Oppenheimer review: Christopher Nolan delivers his masterpiece". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  173. ^ James, Caryn (19 July 2023). "Oppenheimer review: A "magnificent" story of a tragic American genius". BBC Culture. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  174. ^ "Top 2023 Movies at the Worldwide Box Office". The Numbers. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  175. ^ Gonzalez, Shivani (7 January 2024). "Golden Globes Winners 2024: The Complete List". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 8 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  176. ^ Yossman, K. J.; Shafer, Ellise (18 February 2024). "BAFTA Film Awards 2024 Winners List (Updating Live)". Variety. Archived from the original on 18 February 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
  177. ^ Barnes, Brooks (10 March 2024). "Oscars 2024 Highlights: 'Oppenheimer' Wins Best Picture, and Emma Stone Wins Best Actress for 'Poor Things'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  178. ^ Kroll, Justin (8 October 2024). "Christopher Nolan Sets Next Movie At Universal In Imax For Summer 2026 With Matt Damon Eyed To Star". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  179. ^ Galuppo, Mia (25 November 2024). "Charlize Theron Joins Christopher Nolan's Latest Movie". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
  180. ^ "Meet the women behind Hollywood's iconic filmmakers". WTVD. 10 March 2016. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  181. ^ Jolin, Dan (18 August 2020). "Empire 30: My Experiences on Christopher Nolan's Movie Sets". Empire. Archived from the original on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  182. ^ a b Joy 2015, p. 3.
  183. ^ a b Lewis-Kraus, Gideon (30 October 2014). "The Exacting, Expansive Mind of Christopher Nolan". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  184. ^ Speakman, Kimberlee (15 July 2023). "Christopher Nolan Explains Why He Doesn't Have a Smartphone: 'It's About the Level of Distraction'". People. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  185. ^ Goh 2022, pp. 4, 76.
  186. ^ Blouin 2013, pp. 145–146, 149.
  187. ^ D'Angelo, Mike (14 November 2014). "The rational wonders of Christopher Nolan". The Dissolve. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
  188. ^ Shone, Tom (4 November 2014). "Christopher Nolan: the man who rebooted the blockbuster". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2015.
  189. ^ Purcell, Andrew (8 November 2014). "Christopher Nolan's final frontier". Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015 – via AndrewPurcell.net.
  190. ^ Child, Ben (17 November 2014). "Interstellar's sound 'right for an experimental film', says Nolan". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 November 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
  191. ^ Aravind, Ajay (30 May 2022). "10 Directors and Their Best Film, According to IMDb". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  192. ^ Gompertz, Will (21 August 2020). "Tenet: Will Gompertz reviews Christopher Nolan's epic". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  193. ^ Molloy 2013, p. 40.
  194. ^ Nathan 2022, p. 5.
  195. ^ LB 2017, Description.
  196. ^ Goh 2022, pp. 1–4.
  197. ^ Goh 2022, pp. 12–13.
  198. ^ a b Bordwell, David (28 January 2019). "Nolan book 2.0: Cerebral blockbusters meet blunt-force cinephilia". DavidBordwell.net. Archived from the original on 9 September 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  199. ^ Joy 2015, p. 7.
  200. ^ a b O'Falt, Chris. "Influencers: Christopher Nolan's Team Is the Big-Budget, Practical-Filmmaking Alternative". IndieWire. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  201. ^ Joy 2015, p. 6.
  202. ^ Itzkoff, Dave (30 June 2010). "A Man and His Dream: Christopher Nolan and Inception". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 January 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2013.
  203. ^ Tharpe, Frazier (22 November 2019). "The Creatives That Defined the 2010s: Christopher Nolan". Complex Networks. Archived from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  204. ^ Carey, Graeme (13 March 2022). "The best movies from the 2000s". MSN. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  205. ^ Nissim, Mayer (6 November 2013). "Quentin Tarantino is most-studied director in the UK". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on 8 November 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
  206. ^ Dietz, Jason (18 December 2019). "Best Movies of the Decade (2010–19)". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  207. ^ Phipps, Keith; Robinson, Tasha; Rabin, Nathan; Tobias, Scott; Murray, Noel (3 December 2009). "The best films of the '00s". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
  208. ^ Fritz, Ben (30 October 2014). "Why Hollywood Loves Interstellar Director Christopher Nolan". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014. (subscription required)
  209. ^ Fernandes, Marriska (15 November 2023). "Christopher Nolan on Oppenheimer, Filmmaker Fears, and Telling a Great Story". Sharp. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  210. ^ a b Littleton, Cynthia (13 December 2017). "Titanic, The Goonies, Field of Dreams, Memento Added to National Film Registry". Variety. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
  211. ^ a b Mcnary, Dave (14 December 2020). "Dark Knight, Shrek, Grease, Blues Brothers Added to National Film Registry". Variety. Archived from the original on 14 December 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  212. ^ "The 21st Century's 100 greatest films". BBC. 23 August 2016. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  213. ^ "Hollywood's 100 Favorite Films". The Hollywood Reporter. 25 June 2014. Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  214. ^ "The 100 Greatest Movies". Empire. 23 June 2017. Archived from the original on 29 November 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  215. ^ Brower, Alison, ed. (20 September 2018). "The Hollywood Reporter 100: The Most Powerful People in Entertainment 2018". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  216. ^ Reinstein, Mara (2 November 2022). "The 75 Best Movie Directors of All Time". Parade. Archived from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  217. ^ "An Evening With Christopher Nolan". IFC Center. 27 November 2012. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  218. ^ "Christopher Nolan". British Film Institute. 2012. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  219. ^ Bordwell, David (9 August 2017). "Dunkirk Part 2: The art film as event movie". DavidBordwell.net. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  220. ^ French, Philip (13 April 2008). "The top 50". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  221. ^ East, Ben (14 June 2013). "Newsmaker: Christopher Nolan is a different kind of storyteller". The National. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  222. ^ Gilbey, Ryan (23 July 2017). "Christopher Nolan: from superheroes to Dunkirk's small tales of heroism". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
  223. ^ Cousins, Mark (25 August 2010). "Widescreen: Hollywood's big ideas". Prospect. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  224. ^ Foundas, Scott (27 October 2014). "Film Review: Interstellar". Variety. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  225. ^ Chang, Justin (22 August 2018). "Ten years after it changed Hollywood, The Dark Knight is back in theaters. Accept no substitutes". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  226. ^ Erbland, Kate (2 June 2017). "Duncan Jones on How He Models His Career After Christopher Nolan – Q&A". IndieWire. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
  227. ^ Davis, Edward (18 October 2012). "Exclusive: Sam Mendes Says He Was 'Not at All' Interested In Bond At First, Took Direct Inspiration From Nolan's Dark Knight Films". IndieWire. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  228. ^ "The Dark Knight Effect – How Hollywood fell for – and learned from – the greatest superhero sequel ever made". Empire. 13 July 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  229. ^ "Kenneth Branagh must evacuate soldiers trapped in Dunkirk". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 17 July 2017. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  230. ^ Shone 2020, p. 19–20.
  231. ^ Shone 2020, p. 20.
  232. ^ "Martin Scorsese: There's always the budget, but I am more concerned about the creative freedom". Film Talk. 26 October 2015. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  233. ^ Bryant, Jacob (5 December 2017). "Damien Chazelle on Dunkirk". Variety. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
  234. ^ In conversation with Steven Spielberg and Stacey Snider on The Front Row. Star World. Event occurs at 4:45. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2022 – via YouTube.
  235. ^ a b "Christopher Nolan turns 49: Here is what Steven Spielberg, James Cameron and other directors say about him". The Indian Express. 30 July 2019. Archived from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  236. ^ O'Falt, Chris (22 December 2017). "Denis Villenueve Aspires to Be Like Christopher Nolan, and Why He Wants to Make Dune". IndieWire. Archived from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
  237. ^ Nathan 2022, p. 197.
  238. ^ "Christopher Nolan". AllMovie. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  239. ^ "Winners & Nominees". Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  240. ^ "Honorary Fellows of UCL". University College London. 2006. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
  241. ^ "Back to where it all began: Christopher Nolan awarded honorary doctorate at UCL". University College London. 12 September 2017. Archived from the original on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  242. ^ "Christopher Nolan". Forbes. 16 May 2011. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
    "Christopher Nolan". Forbes. 16 May 2012. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
    "Christopher Nolan". Forbes. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
    "Christopher Nolan". Forbes. 27 June 2014. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  243. ^ Rome, Emily (7 July 2012). "The Dark Knight Rises: Christopher Nolan's hand and footprint ceremony". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 8 August 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  244. ^ Caine, Michael (17 April 2015). "Christopher Nolan". Time. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  245. ^ "No. 62507". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 2018. p. N24.
  246. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (10 October 2023). "Christopher Nolan To Be Lauded For 'Oppenheimer' By The Federation of American Scientists". Deadline. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  247. ^ Roxborough, Scott (4 December 2023). "Christopher Nolan to Get BFI Fellowship". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  248. ^ Goodfellow, Melanie (19 January 2024). "Christopher Nolan To Be Feted In France With Honorary César". Deadline. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
  249. ^ "No. 64374". The London Gazette. 22 April 2024. p. 7898.
  250. ^ "Christopher Nolan and Emma Thomas to receive a knighthood and damehood". BBC News. 28 March 2024. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.

Cited sources

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Nolan&oldid=1264074774"