Seniority in the United States Senate
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United States senators are conventionally ranked by the length of their tenure in the Senate. The senator in each U.S. state with the longer time in office is known as the senior senator; the other is the junior senator. This convention has no official standing, though seniority confers several benefits, including preference in the choice of committee assignments and physical offices. When senators have been in office for the same length of time, a number of tiebreakers, including previous offices held, are used to determine seniority. By tradition, the longest serving senator of the majority party is named president pro tempore of the Senate, the second-highest office in the Senate and the third in the line of succession to the presidency of the United States.[1]
Benefits of seniority
[edit]The United States Constitution does not mandate differences in rights or power, but Senate rules give more power to senators with more seniority. Generally, senior senators will have more power, especially within their own caucuses.
There are several benefits, including the following:
- Traditionally, the most senior member of the majority party is named president pro tempore of the Senate.
- Senators are given preferential treatment in choosing committee assignments based on seniority. Seniority on a committee is based on length of time serving on that committee, which means a senator may rank above another in committee seniority but be more junior in the full Senate. Although the committee chairmanship is an elected position, it is traditionally given to the most senior senator of the majority party serving on the committee, and not already holding a conflicting position such as chairmanship of another committee. The ranking member of a committee (called the vice-chairman in some select committees) is elected in the same way.
- Greater seniority enables a senator to choose a desk closer to the front of the Senate Chamber.
- Senators with higher seniority may choose to move into better office space as those offices are vacated.[2]
- Seniority determines the ranking in the United States order of precedence.
Determining the beginning of a term
[edit]The beginning of an appointment does not necessarily coincide with the date the Senate convenes or when the new senator is sworn in.[3]
General elections
[edit]In the case of senators first elected in a general election for the upcoming Congress, their terms begin on the first day of the new Congress. For most of American history this was March 4 of odd-numbered years, but effective from 1935 the 20th Amendment moved this to January 3 of odd-numbered years.
Run-off elections and special elections
[edit]In the case of senators elected in a run-off election occurring after the commencement of a new term, or a special election, their seniority date will be the date they are sworn in and not the first day of that Congress. A senator may be simultaneously elected to fill a term in a special election and elected to the six-year term which begins on the upcoming January 3. Their seniority is that of someone chosen in a special election.
Appointments
[edit]The seniority date for an appointed senator is usually the date of the appointment,[citation needed] although the actual term does not begin until they take the oath of office. An incoming senator who holds another office, including membership in the U.S. House of Representatives, must resign from that office before becoming a senator. In the 1970s, some senators would resign a few days or weeks early so that their successor may be appointed to the seat and have greater seniority than other freshmen. In 1980, party rule changes removed seniority advantages in such cases.[4][3]
Determining length of seniority
[edit]A senator's seniority is primarily determined by length of continuous service; for example, a senator who has served for 12 years is more senior than one who has served for 10 years. Because several new senators usually join at the beginning of a new Congress, seniority is determined by prior federal or state government service and, if necessary, the amount of time spent in the tiebreaking office. These tiebreakers in order are:[3]
- Former senator
- Former Vice President of the United States
- Former member of the United States House of Representatives
- Former member of the Cabinet of the United States
- Former state governor
- Population of state based on the most recent census when the senator took office
When more than one senator had such office, its length of time is used to break the tie. For instance, Jerry Moran, John Boozman, John Hoeven, Marco Rubio, Ron Johnson, Rand Paul, Richard Blumenthal, and Mike Lee took office on January 3, 2011. The first two senators mentioned had served in the House of Representatives: Moran had served for 14 years and Boozman for nine. As a former governor, Hoeven is ranked immediately after the former House members. The rest are ranked by population as of the 2000 census. These ranked from 36th to 43rd in seniority when the 118th United States Congress convened.
If two senators are tied on all criteria, the one whose surname comes first alphabetically is considered the senior senator. This happened with Senators Jon Ossoff and Raphael Warnock, both of Georgia, who were sworn in on January 20, 2021. Because they were both newly elected senators from the same state, with no prior government service, no other tie-breaking criteria could be used. The Senate's official records, as well as the Democratic Caucus, thus consider Ossoff, whose name comes first alphabetically and elected to a full six-year term, as the senior senator.[3][5][6]
Current seniority list
[edit]Only relevant factors are listed below. For senators whose seniority is based on their state's respective population, the state population ranking is given as determined by the relevant United States census current at the time that they began service.[7][8]
Republican (49) Democratic (47) Independent (4)
Current rank |
Historical rank[a][3] |
Senator | Party | State | Seniority date | Other factors | Committee and leadership positions | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1743 | Chuck Grassley | Republican | Iowa | January 3, 1981 | President pro tempore emeritus Ranking Member: Budget Ranking Member: Narcotics Caucus | ||
2 | 1766 | Mitch McConnell | Kentucky | January 3, 1985 | Senate Minority Leader | |||
3 | 1810 | Patty Murray | Democratic | Washington | January 3, 1993 | President pro tempore Chair: Appropriations | ||
4 | 1827 | Ron Wyden | Oregon | February 6, 1996 | Chair: Finance | |||
5 | 1831 | Dick Durbin | Illinois | January 3, 1997 | Former House member (14 years) | Senate Majority Whip Chair: Judiciary | ||
6 | 1835 | Jack Reed | Rhode Island | Former House member (6 years) | Chair: Armed Services | |||
7 | 1842 | Susan Collins | Republican | Maine | Ranking Member: Appropriations | |||
8 | 1844 | Chuck Schumer | Democratic | New York | January 3, 1999 | Former House member (18 years) | Senate Majority Leader | |
9 | 1846 | Mike Crapo | Republican | Idaho | Former House member (6 years) | Republican Chief Deputy Whip Ranking Member: Finance | ||
10 | 1855 | Tom Carper | Democratic | Delaware | January 3, 2001 | Former House member (10 years) | Chair: Environment | |
11 | 1856 | Debbie Stabenow | Michigan | Former House member (4 years) | Chair: Democratic Policy Committee Chair: Agriculture | |||
12 | 1859 | Maria Cantwell[b] | Washington | Former House member (2 years) | Chair: Commerce | |||
13 | 1868 | Lisa Murkowski | Republican | Alaska | December 20, 2002[c] | Ranking Member: Indian Affairs | ||
14 | 1870 | Lindsey Graham | South Carolina | January 3, 2003[3] | Former House member | Ranking Member: Judiciary | ||
15 | 1867 | John Cornyn | Texas | |||||
16 | 1879 | John Thune | South Dakota | January 3, 2005 | Senate Minority Whip | |||
17 | 1886 | Ben Cardin | Democratic | Maryland | January 3, 2007 | Former House member (20 years) | Chair: Foreign Relations | |
18 | 1887 | Bernie Sanders | Independent | Vermont | Former House member (16 years) | Chair: Democratic Outreach Committee Chair: HELP | ||
19 | 1888 | Sherrod Brown | Democratic | Ohio | Former House member (14 years) | Chair: Banking | ||
20 | 1890 | Bob Casey Jr. | Pennsylvania | Pennsylvania 6th in population (2000) | Chair: Aging | |||
21 | 1893 | Amy Klobuchar | Minnesota | Minnesota 21st in population (2000) | Chair: Democratic Steering Committee Chair: Rules | |||
22 | 1894 | Sheldon Whitehouse | Rhode Island | Rhode Island 43rd in population (2000) | Chair: Budget Chair: Narcotics Caucus | |||
23 | 1895 | Jon Tester | Montana | Montana 44th in population (2000) | Chair: Veterans' Affairs | |||
24 | 1896 | John Barrasso | Republican | Wyoming | June 22, 2007[c] | Chair: Republican Conference Ranking Member: Energy | ||
25 | 1897 | Roger Wicker | Mississippi | December 31, 2007[c] | Ranking Member: Armed Services | |||
26 | 1901 | Jeanne Shaheen | Democratic | New Hampshire | January 3, 2009 | Former governor (6 years) | Vice Chair: Democratic Steering Committee Chair: Small Business | |
27 | 1902 | Mark Warner | Virginia | Former governor (4 years) | Vice Chair: Democratic Caucus Chair: Intelligence | |||
28 | 1903 | Jim Risch | Republican | Idaho | Former governor (7 months) | Ranking Member: Foreign Relations | ||
29 | 1905 | Jeff Merkley | Democratic | Oregon | Democratic Chief Deputy Whip | |||
30 | 1909 | Michael Bennet | Colorado | January 21, 2009[c] | ||||
31 | 1910 | Kirsten Gillibrand | New York | January 26, 2009[c] | ||||
32 | 1916 | Joe Manchin | Independent[d] | West Virginia | November 15, 2010 | Former governor | Vice Chair: Democratic Policy Committee Chair: Energy | |
33 | 1917 | Chris Coons | Democratic | Delaware | Chair: Ethics | |||
34 | 1920 | Jerry Moran | Republican | Kansas | January 3, 2011 | Former House member (14 years) | Ranking Member: Veterans' Affairs | |
35 | 1922 | John Boozman | Arkansas | Former House member (9 years) | Ranking Member: Agriculture | |||
36 | 1924 | John Hoeven | North Dakota | Former governor | ||||
37 | 1925 | Marco Rubio | Florida | Florida 4th in population (2000) | Vice Chair: Intelligence | |||
38 | 1926 | Ron Johnson | Wisconsin | Wisconsin 20th in population (2000) | ||||
39 | 1927 | Rand Paul | Kentucky | Kentucky 25th in population (2000) | Ranking Member: Homeland Security | |||
40 | 1928 | Richard Blumenthal | Democratic | Connecticut | Connecticut 29th in population (2000) | |||
41 | 1929 | Mike Lee | Republican | Utah | Utah 34th in population (2000) | Chair: Republican Steering Committee | ||
42 | 1932 | Brian Schatz | Democratic | Hawaii | December 26, 2012[c] | Deputy Secretary: Democratic Caucus Chair: Indian Affairs | ||
43 | 1933 | Tim Scott | Republican | South Carolina | January 2, 2013[c] | Ranking Member: Banking | ||
44 | 1934 | Tammy Baldwin | Democratic | Wisconsin | January 3, 2013 | Former House member (14 years) | Secretary: Democratic Caucus | |
45 | 1937 | Chris Murphy | Connecticut | Former House member (6 years); Connecticut 29th in population (2010) |
||||
46 | 1938 | Mazie Hirono | Hawaii | Former House member (6 years); Hawaii 40th in population (2010) | ||||
47 | 1939 | Martin Heinrich | New Mexico | Former House member (4 years) | ||||
48 | 1940 | Angus King | Independent | Maine | Former governor (8 years) | |||
49 | 1941 | Tim Kaine | Democratic | Virginia | Former governor (4 years) | |||
50 | 1942 | Ted Cruz | Republican | Texas | Texas 2nd in population (2010) | Ranking Member: Commerce | ||
51 | 1943 | Elizabeth Warren | Democratic | Massachusetts | Massachusetts 14th in population (2010) | Vice Chair: Democratic Caucus | ||
52 | 1944 | Deb Fischer | Republican | Nebraska | Nebraska 38th in population (2010) | Ranking Member: Rules | ||
53 | 1948 | Ed Markey | Democratic | Massachusetts | July 16, 2013 | |||
54 | 1949 | Cory Booker | New Jersey | October 31, 2013 | Vice Chair: Democratic Policy Committee | |||
55 | 1951 | Shelley Moore Capito | Republican | West Virginia | January 3, 2015 | Former House member (14 years) | Vice Chair: Republican Conference Ranking Member: Environment | |
56 | 1952 | Gary Peters | Democratic | Michigan | Former House member (6 years); Michigan 8th in population (2010) |
Chair: DSCC Chair: Homeland Security | ||
57 | 1953 | Bill Cassidy | Republican | Louisiana | Former House member (6 years); Louisiana 25th in population (2010) |
Ranking Member: HELP | ||
58 | 1955 | James Lankford | Oklahoma | Former House member (4 years) | Ranking Member: Ethics | |||
59 | 1956 | Tom Cotton | Arkansas | Former House member (2 years); Arkansas 32nd in population (2010) |
||||
60 | 1957 | Steve Daines | Montana | Former House member (2 years); Montana 44th in population (2010) |
Chair: NRSC | |||
61 | 1958 | Mike Rounds | South Dakota | Former governor | ||||
62 | 1960 | Thom Tillis | North Carolina | North Carolina 10th in population (2010) | ||||
63 | 1961 | Joni Ernst | Iowa | Iowa 30th in population (2010) | Chair: Republican Policy Committee Ranking Member: Small Business | |||
64 | 1963 | Dan Sullivan | Alaska | Alaska 47th in population (2010) | ||||
65 | 1964 | Chris Van Hollen | Democratic | Maryland | January 3, 2017 | Former House member (14 years) | ||
66 | 1965 | Todd Young | Republican | Indiana | Former House member (6 years) | |||
67 | 1966 | Tammy Duckworth | Democratic | Illinois | Former House member (4 years) | |||
68 | 1967 | Maggie Hassan | New Hampshire | Former governor | ||||
69 | 1969 | John Kennedy | Republican | Louisiana | Louisiana 25th in population (2010) | |||
70 | 1970 | Catherine Cortez Masto | Democratic | Nevada | Nevada 35th in population (2010) | Vice Chair: Democratic Outreach Committee | ||
71 | 1972 | Tina Smith | Minnesota | January 3, 2018[c] | Vice Chair: DSCC | |||
72 | 1974 | Cindy Hyde-Smith | Republican | Mississippi | April 2, 2018[c] | |||
73 | 1975 | Marsha Blackburn | Tennessee | January 3, 2019 | Former House member (16 years) | |||
74 | 1976 | Kyrsten Sinema | Independent[e] | Arizona | Former House member (6 years); Arizona 16th in population (2010) | |||
75 | 1977 | Kevin Cramer | Republican | North Dakota | Former House member (6 years); North Dakota 48th in population (2010) | |||
76 | 1979 | Jacky Rosen | Democratic | Nevada | Former House member (2 years) | |||
77 | 1980 | Mitt Romney | Republican | Utah | Former governor | |||
78 | 1981 | Mike Braun | Indiana | Indiana 15th in population (2010) | Ranking Member: Aging | |||
79 | 1982 | Josh Hawley | Missouri | Missouri 18th in population (2010) | ||||
80 | 1983 | Rick Scott | Florida | January 8, 2019 | ||||
81 | 1985 | Mark Kelly | Democratic | Arizona | December 2, 2020 | |||
82 | 1986 | Ben Ray Luján | New Mexico | January 3, 2021 | Former House member (12 years) | |||
83 | 1987 | Cynthia Lummis | Republican | Wyoming | Former House member (8 years) | |||
84 | 1988 | Roger Marshall | Kansas | Former House member (4 years) | ||||
85 | 1989 | John Hickenlooper | Democratic | Colorado | Former governor | |||
86 | 1990 | Bill Hagerty | Republican | Tennessee | Tennessee 17th in population (2010) | |||
87 | 1991 | Tommy Tuberville | Alabama | Alabama 23rd in population (2010) | ||||
88 | 1992 | Alex Padilla | Democratic | California | January 18, 2021[c] | Vice Chair: DSCC | ||
89 | 1993 | Jon Ossoff[f] | Georgia | January 20, 2021 | 'O' 15th letter of the alphabet[9] | |||
90 | 1994 | Raphael Warnock | 'W' 23rd letter of the alphabet[9] | |||||
91 | 1995 | Peter Welch | Vermont | January 3, 2023 | Former House member (16 years) | |||
92 | 1996 | Markwayne Mullin | Republican | Oklahoma | Former House member (10 years) | |||
93 | 1997 | Ted Budd | North Carolina | Former House member (6 years) | ||||
94 | 1998 | John Fetterman | Democratic | Pennsylvania | Pennsylvania 5th in population (2020) | |||
95 | 1999 | JD Vance | Republican | Ohio | Ohio 7th in population (2020) | |||
96 | 2000 | Eric Schmitt | Missouri | Missouri 19th in population (2020) | ||||
97 | 2001 | Katie Britt | Alabama | Alabama 24th in population (2020) | ||||
98 | 2002 | Pete Ricketts | Nebraska | January 12, 2023[c] | ||||
99 | 2003 | Laphonza Butler | Democratic | California | October 1, 2023[c] | |||
100 | 2004 | George Helmy | New Jersey | August 23, 2024[c] | ||||
Rank | Historical rank[a][3] |
Senator | Party | State | Seniority date | Other factors | Committee and leadership positions |
See also
[edit]- List of current United States senators
- List of current United States Senate committees
- Seniority in the United States House of Representatives
- List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b "Historical rank" refers to the Senator's seniority over the entire history of the Senate since 1789. This is an absolute number that does not change from one Congress to the next.
- ^ Maria Cantwell (#12) is the Senate's most senior junior senator.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m The seniority date for an appointed senator is the date of the appointment, not necessarily the date of taking the oath of office. See Determining the beginning of a term, above.
- ^ Joe Manchin's 2024 exit from the Democratic Party did not break his service or seniority.
- ^ Kyrsten Sinema's 2022 exit from the Democratic Party did not break her service or seniority.
- ^ Jon Ossoff (#89) is the Senate's most junior senior senator.
References
[edit]- ^ Kilgore, Ed (November 17, 2021). "Californians Move Toward Lock on Presidential Succession". Intelligencer. Retrieved February 13, 2022.
- ^ Saksa, Jim (December 2, 2022). "Halls of power(ball): New House members pick their offices via lottery". Roll Call. Retrieved December 4, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Senators of the United States 1789–present, A chronological list of senators since the First Congress in 1789" (PDF). Senate Historical Office. January 3, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- ^ "Levin wins seniority rules change". The Muskegon Chronicle. December 7, 1980.
- ^ Bluestein, Greg. "'A new era': Ossoff, Warnock sworn into office, giving Democrats control of U.S. Senate". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
- ^ "Why Jon Ossoff will be Georgia's senior U.S. Senator". 11Alive.com. January 20, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
- ^ American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. "2000 Census State Population Rankings". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on April 3, 2009. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
- ^ "Resident Population Data (Text Version) – 2010 Census, by state and census region".
- ^ a b Wooten, Nick (January 20, 2021). "Will Ossoff or Warnock be Georgia's senior senator? The answer is a simple one". Ledger-Enquirer. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.