Hymenolepididae

Hymenolepididae
	Three adult Hymenolepis nana
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Platyhelminthes
Class:	Cestoda
Order:	Cyclophyllidea
Family:	Hymenolepididae
Genera
	Many, see text

The Hymenolepididae are family of cyclophyllid tapeworms. Their characteristic feature is the small number of testes (one to four). The unilateral genital pores and large external seminal vesicle allow for easy recognition. Most species are small, transparent, and easy to study. The family contains over 90 genera with over 900 species, having as their definitive host birds (c. 700 species) or mammals (about 250 species). Most reside in the intestines of their definitive hosts. The majority of species with known lifecycles have arthropods as intermediate hosts.^[1]

As human parasites

The family Hymenolepididae has only two species which infects humans: the disease hymenolepiasis is caused by Hymenolepis nana and H. diminuta, which are sometimes classified in the genus Rodentolepis.

Most cases of hymenolepiasis are caused by H. nana. It occurs worldwide, but in temperate climates, children and people living in institutions are more likely to be infected. A morphologically-identical variety of H. nana, H. nana var. fraterna infects rodents, but the human strain of H. nana is essentially non-infective to rodents.^[2] Unlike most tapeworms, including H. diminuta, H. nana can complete its lifecycle without an intermediate host.^[3] Pathological effects of infection are rare and occur in massive infections through autoinfection, where the parasite is able to complete its lifecycle within the intestine of the human host, without passing through an intermediate host outside the body. With increasing worm burden, symptoms such as restlessness, irritability, diarrhea, and abdominal pain occur.^[4]

H. diminuta is primarily a parasite of rats, but human infections occur as incidental hosts. It is a larger species than H. nana and lacks hooks on the rostellum; it has three testes per proglottid. Species from a diverse set of arthropod taxa, including earwigs, butterflies, and beetles, can be intermediate hosts for this species, which is unusual for a tapeworm.^[5] Grain beetles are common intermediate hosts, because they live in piles of grain where they can be ingested by rats, which are the definitive hosts.^[6]

Drugs commonly used for treatment of hymenolepiasis are praziquantel, niclosamide, and paromomycin.

Selected genera

Allohymenolepis
Amphipetrovia
Aploparaxis
Armadolepis
Brachylepis
Branchiopodataenia
Cladogynia
Cloacotaenia
Colibrilepis
Confluaria
Coronacanthus
Dicranotaenia
Dildotaenia
Diorchis
Diploposthe
Dollfusilepis
Drepanidotaenia
Echinolepis
Fimbriaria
Flamingolepis
Hilmylepis
Hsuolepis
Hymenolepis (sometimes included in Rodentolepis)
Mathevolepis
Passerilepis
Potorolepis
Pseudhymenolepis ^[7]
Retinometra
Rodentolepis
Soricinia
Staphylocystis
Triodontolepis
Vampirolepis
Variolepis
Wardium

References

^ Vasyl Tkach (1 June 2010). "Hymenolepididae". Planetary Biodiversity Inventory: A survey of tapeworms from vertebrate bowels of the Earth. Archived from the original on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
^ Macnish, M.G.; Morgan, U.M.; Behnke, J.M.; Thompson, R.C.A. (2007). "Failure to infect laboratory rodent hosts with human isolates of Rodentolepis (Hymenolepis) nana". Journal of Helminthology (Submitted manuscript). 76 (1): 37–43. doi:10.1079/JOH200198. PMID 12018194. S2CID 11318170.
^ "Examples of common cestodes". Schistosomiasis Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge. 2010. Archived from the original on 2015-01-06. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
^ "DPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasitic Diseases of Public Health Concern - Hymenolepiasis". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 29 November 2013. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
^ Oldham, J.N. (1931). "On the Arthropod Intermediate Hosts of Hymenolepis diminuta (Rudolphi 1819)". Journal of Helminthology. 9 (1): 21–28. doi:10.1017/s0022149x00030212. S2CID 86132559.
^ Stephen Dewey (2001). "Hymenolepis diminuta". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
^ Tkach, V. V.; Velikanov, V. P. (1991). "Pseudhymenolepis turkestanica sp. n. (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae), a new cestode from shrews" (PDF). Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée. 66 (2): 54–56. doi:10.1051/parasite/199166254. ISSN 0003-4150. PMID 1952697.

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[PBI_website-1] Vasyl Tkach (1 June 2010). "Hymenolepididae". Planetary Biodiversity Inventory: A survey of tapeworms from vertebrate bowels of the Earth. Archived from the original on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.

[Macnish-2] Macnish, M.G.; Morgan, U.M.; Behnke, J.M.; Thompson, R.C.A. (2007). "Failure to infect laboratory rodent hosts with human isolates of Rodentolepis (Hymenolepis) nana". Journal of Helminthology (Submitted manuscript). 76 (1): 37–43. doi:10.1079/JOH200198. PMID 12018194. S2CID 11318170.

[SRG-3] "Examples of common cestodes". Schistosomiasis Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge. 2010. Archived from the original on 2015-01-06. Retrieved 1 September 2014.

[DPDx-4] "DPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasitic Diseases of Public Health Concern - Hymenolepiasis". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 29 November 2013. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.

[diverse_vectors-5] Oldham, J.N. (1931). "On the Arthropod Intermediate Hosts of Hymenolepis diminuta (Rudolphi 1819)". Journal of Helminthology. 9 (1): 21–28. doi:10.1017/s0022149x00030212. S2CID 86132559.

[ADW-6] Stephen Dewey (2001). "Hymenolepis diminuta". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 1 September 2014.

[TkachVelikanov2016-7] Tkach, V. V.; Velikanov, V. P. (1991). "Pseudhymenolepis turkestanica sp. n. (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae), a new cestode from shrews" (PDF). Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée. 66 (2): 54–56. doi:10.1051/parasite/199166254. ISSN 0003-4150. PMID 1952697.

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