Jump to content

Lausanne

Coordinates: 46°31.19′N 6°38.01′E / 46.51983°N 6.63350°E / 46.51983; 6.63350
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Lausanne (disambiguation).

Lausanne
Municipality
From top to bottom; left to right: the Olympic Museum, the Cathedral of Lausanne, the Federal courts of Switzerland, aerial view of the city, and the park of Milan.
From top to bottom; left to right: the Olympic Museum, the Cathedral of Lausanne, the Federal courts of Switzerland, aerial view of the city, and the park of Milan.
Flag of Lausanne
Flag
Coat of arms of Lausanne
Coat of arms
Location of Lausanne
Map
Lausanne is located in Switzerland
Lausanne
Lausanne
Lausanne is located in Canton of Vaud
Lausanne
Lausanne
Coordinates: 46°31.19′N 6°38.01′E / 46.51983°N 6.63350°E / 46.51983; 6.63350
CountrySwitzerland
CantonVaud
DistrictLausanne
Government
 • ExecutiveMunicipalité
with 7 members
 • MayorSyndic (list)
Grégoire Junod SPS/PSS
(as of 2016)
 • ParliamentConseil communal
with 100 members
Area
[1]
 • Total
41.37 km2 (15.97 sq mi)
Elevation
(Cité)
526 m (1,726 ft)
Highest elevation
(Montagne du Château)
935 m (3,068 ft)
Lowest elevation
(Lake Léman)
372 m (1,220 ft)
Population
 (31 December 2018)[2]
 • Total
139,111
 • Density3,400/km2 (8,700/sq mi)
DemonymFrench: Lausannois(e)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (Central European Time)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time)
Postal code(s)
1000 (in general), 1003–1007, 1010–1012, 1000 Lausanne 25–27, 1052 Le Mont-sur-Lausanne (partly), 1053 Cugy VD (partly), 1032 Crissier (partly), 1032 Romanel-sur-Lausanne (partly), 1033 Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne (partly)
SFOS number5586
ISO 3166 codeCH-VD
LocalitiesLe Chalet-à-Gobet, Montblesson, Montheron, Ouchy, Vernand-Dessous, Vernand-Dessus, Vers-chez-les-Blanc
Surrounded byBottens, Bretigny-sur-Morrens, Chavannes-près-Renens, Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne, Crissier, Cugy, Écublens, Épalinges, Évian-les-Bains (FR-74), Froideville, Jouxtens-Mézery, Le Mont-sur-Lausanne, Lugrin (FR-74), Maxilly-sur-Léman (FR-74), Montpreveyres, Morrens, Neuvecelle (FR-74), Prilly, Pully, Renens, Romanel-sur-Lausanne, Saint-Sulpice, Savigny
Websitehttps://www.lausanne.ch/
Profile (in French), SFSO statistics
Logo of the city of Lausanne

Lausanne (/loʊˈzæn/ loh-ZAN, US also /loʊˈzɑːn/ loh-ZAHN;[3][4][5][6] French: [lɔzan] ⓘ; Arpitan: Losena [lɔˈzəna] ⓘ)[a] is the capital and largest city of the Swiss French-speaking canton of Vaud. It is a hilly city situated on the shores of Lake Geneva, about halfway between the Jura Mountains and the Alps, and facing the French town of Évian-les-Bains across the lake. Lausanne is located (as the crow flies) 51.7 kilometres (32 miles) northeast of Geneva, the nearest major city.[9]

The municipality of Lausanne has a population of about 140,000, making it the fourth largest city in Switzerland after Basel, Geneva, and Zurich, with the entire agglomeration area having about 420,000 inhabitants (as of January 2019).[10] The metropolitan area of Lausanne-Geneva (including Vevey-Montreux, Yverdon-les-Bains, Valais and foreign parts), commonly designated as Arc lémanique was over 1.3 million inhabitants in 2017 and is the fastest growing in Switzerland.[11]

Initially a Celtic and Roman settlement on the shores of the lake, Lausanne became a town at the foot of Notre Dame, a cathedral built in the 12th century. In the 20th century, Lausanne became a focus of international sport, hosting the International Olympic Committee (which has recognized the city as the "Olympic Capital" since 1994),[12] the Court of Arbitration for Sport and some 55 international sport associations.[13] It lies in a noted wine-growing region. With its 28-station metro system, Lausanne is the smallest city in the world to have a rapid transit system.[14] Lausanne hosted the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics.[15]

History

[edit]

The Romans built a military camp, which they called Lousanna, at the site of a Celtic settlement, near the lake where Vidy and Ouchy are situated; on the hill above was a fort called Lausodunon or Lousodunon (The "-y" suffix is common to many place names of Roman origin in the region (e.g.) Prilly, Pully, Lutry, etc.).[8] By the 2nd century AD, it was known as vikanor[um] Lousonnensium and in 280 as lacu Lausonio. By 400, it was civitas Lausanna, and in 990 it was mentioned as Losanna.[8]

Saint-François Square, c. 1840

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, insecurity forced the residents of Lausanne to move to its current centre, a hilly site that was easier to defend. The city which emerged from the camp was ruled by the Counts of Savoy and the Bishop of Lausanne.

From 888 to 1032, the initially relatively small town belonged to the kingdom of Upper Burgundy. During the 11th century, Lausanne developed into a political, economic and religious center. The city became the center of the secular rule of the bishops. In the period that followed, especially in the 12th and 13th centuries, Lausanne flourished. Finally, in 1275, the Lausanne Cathedral was consecrated in the presence of Pope Gregory X and King Rudolf I of Germany.

It was invaded by forces from the canton of Bern and remained under their domination from 1536 to 1798. The iconoclastic Bernese stripped the Lausanne cathedral of its Roman Catholic trappings, and a number of its cultural treasures, including the hanging tapestries in the cathedral, were permanently removed.[16] Lausanne has made repeated requests to recover them, but they never were returned.

After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, Lausanne became (along with Geneva) a place of refuge for French Huguenots. In 1729, a seminary was opened by Antoine Court and Benjamin Duplan. By 1750, 90 pastors had been sent back to France to work clandestinely; this number would rise to 400. Official persecution ended in 1787; a faculty of Protestant theology was established at Montauban in 1808, and the Lausanne seminary was finally closed on 18 April 1812.[17] During the Napoleonic Wars, the city's status changed. In 1803, it became the capital of a newly formed Swiss canton of Vaud under which it joined the Swiss Federation.[8]

Modern history and heritage

[edit]

In 1923, the city was the venue for the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne, which established the modern Turkish Republic.[18] In 1964, the city played host to the Swiss National Exhibition,[19] displaying its newly found confidence to play host to major international events.

From the 1950s to 1970s, a large number of Italians, Spaniards and Portuguese immigrated to Lausanne, settling mostly in the industrial suburb of Renens.

The city has served as a refuge for European artists. While under the care of a psychiatrist at Lausanne, T. S. Eliot composed most of his 1922 poem The Waste Land ("by the waters of Leman I sat down and wept").[20] Ernest Hemingway also visited from Paris with his wife during the 1920s, to holiday. In fact, many creative people – such as historian Edward Gibbon and Romantic era poets Shelley and Byron – have sojourned, lived, and worked in Lausanne or nearby.[21]

The city has been traditionally quiet, but in the late 1960s and early 1970s, a series of demonstrations took place that exposed tensions between young people and the police. In the early 1980s, the Lôzane Bouge protests demanded the city "open an autonomous centre, lower cinema ticket prices, liberalise cannabis and end the process of keeping records on homosexuals, all accompanied by leaflets, chants, and songs in the street".[22] Protests occurred in 2003, against the G8 meetings.[23]

In June 2022, Lausanne launched Plateforme 10, an art district comprising three museums. The trio of museums included Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts (MCBA), Photo Elysée, and the Museum of Contemporary Design and Applied Arts (MUDAC).[24][25]

Geography

[edit]

Topography

[edit]
The agglomeration of Lausanne, Lake Geneva and the Alps

The most important geographical feature of the area surrounding Lausanne is Lake Geneva (Le Léman in French). Lausanne is built on the southern slope of the Swiss plateau, with a difference in elevation of about 500 metres (1,640 ft) between the lakeshore at Ouchy and its northern edge bordering Le Mont-sur-Lausanne and Épalinges. Lausanne boasts a dramatic panorama over the lake and the Swiss and Savoyan Alps.

In addition to its generally southward-sloping layout, the centre of the city is the site of an ancient river, the Flon, which has been covered since the 19th century. The former river forms a gorge running through the middle of the city south of the old city centre, generally following the course of the present Rue Centrale, with several bridges crossing the depression to connect the adjacent neighbourhoods. Due to the considerable differences in elevation, tourists should make a note as to which plane of elevation they are on and where they want to go, otherwise they will find themselves tens of metres below or above the street in which they are trying to go. The name Flon is also used for the metro station located in the gorge.

The municipality includes the villages of Vidy, Cour, Ouchy, Mornex, Chailly, La Sallaz, Vennes, Montblesson, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Montheron and Chalet-à-Gobet (871 m (2,858 ft)) as well as the exclave of Vernand.

Lausanne is located at the limit between the extensive wine-growing regions of Lavaux (to the east) and la Côte (to the west).

Lausanne has an area, as of 2012-2014, of 41.38–41.37 square kilometers (15.98–15.97 sq mi) (depending on calculation method). Of this area, 6.22 km2 (2.40 sq mi) or 15.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 16.06 km2 (6.20 sq mi) or 38.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 19.00 km2 (7.34 sq mi) or 45.9% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.08 km2 (20 acres) or 0.2% is either rivers or lakes and 0.01 km2 (2.5 acres) or 0.0% is unproductive land.[26]

Of the built-up area, industrial buildings made up 1.6% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 22.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 12.4%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.6% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 7.4%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 9.4% is used for growing crops and 4.9% is pastures. All the water in the municipality is in lakes and streams.[26]

The municipality was part of the old Lausanne District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and it became the capital of the new district of Lausanne.[27]

Climate

[edit]

Lausanne has an average of 119.7 days of rain or snow per year and on average receives 1,153 mm (45.4 in) of precipitation. The wettest month is May during which time Lausanne receives an average of 117 mm (4.6 in) of rain. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 12.1 days. The driest month of the year is February with an average of 67 mm (2.6 in) of precipitation over 8.8 days.[28] The USDA Hardiness Zone for Lausanne-Pully is 8b with an average minimum temperature of −7.0 C over the past 20 years (1997–2016).[29]

  • Spring
    Spring
  • Summer
    Summer
  • Autumn
    Autumn
  • Winter
    Winter
Climate data for Pully (Lausanne), elevation 456 m (1,496 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.9
(58.8) 		15.8
(60.4) 		22.6
(72.7) 		25.5
(77.9) 		31.3
(88.3) 		33.6
(92.5) 		35.2
(95.4) 		37.1
(98.8) 		28.6
(83.5) 		25.4
(77.7) 		19.8
(67.6) 		17.7
(63.9) 		37.1
(98.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.7
(40.5) 		5.9
(42.6) 		10.5
(50.9) 		14.6
(58.3) 		18.9
(66.0) 		22.8
(73.0) 		25.0
(77.0) 		24.5
(76.1) 		19.8
(67.6) 		14.6
(58.3) 		8.9
(48.0) 		5.4
(41.7) 		14.6
(58.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.7
(36.9) 		3.3
(37.9) 		7.0
(44.6) 		10.6
(51.1) 		14.6
(58.3) 		18.4
(65.1) 		20.5
(68.9) 		20.1
(68.2) 		16.0
(60.8) 		11.7
(53.1) 		6.7
(44.1) 		3.5
(38.3) 		11.3
(52.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 0.7
(33.3) 		0.8
(33.4) 		3.7
(38.7) 		6.8
(44.2) 		10.7
(51.3) 		14.3
(57.7) 		16.2
(61.2) 		16.2
(61.2) 		12.7
(54.9) 		9.1
(48.4) 		4.5
(40.1) 		1.5
(34.7) 		8.1
(46.6)
Record low °C (°F) −16.7
(1.9) 		−12.7
(9.1) 		−9.1
(15.6) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		2.1
(35.8) 		5.2
(41.4) 		9.0
(48.2) 		8.2
(46.8) 		4.4
(39.9) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		−10.1
(13.8) 		−16.7
(1.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 75.4
(2.97) 		63.5
(2.50) 		71.8
(2.83) 		83.6
(3.29) 		112.6
(4.43) 		106.8
(4.20) 		102.7
(4.04) 		109.6
(4.31) 		98.4
(3.87) 		110.9
(4.37) 		99.2
(3.91) 		97.7
(3.85) 		1,132.2
(44.57)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 10.9
(4.3) 		14.3
(5.6) 		1.6
(0.6) 		0.2
(0.1) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		1.1
(0.4) 		7.0
(2.8) 		35.1
(13.8)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 9.8 8.5 9.0 9.2 11.7 9.9 9.6 9.5 8.9 10.3 10.4 10.9 117.7
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) 2.9 2.8 1.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.9 9.8
Average relative humidity (%) 78 73 68 64 67 66 64 67 73 78 79 79 71
Mean monthly sunshine hours 76.7 108.8 168.9 193.1 212.6 239.7 258.6 241.3 187.9 131.7 79.5 58.3 1,957.1
Percent possible sunshine 29 39 48 50 49 55 59 59 53 41 30 23 47
Source 1: NOAA[30]
Source 2: MeteoSwiss (snow 1981–2010)[31][32]StatistiqueVaud[33]

Politics

[edit]

Coat of arms

[edit]

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules, chief argent.[34]

Administrative divisions

[edit]

The city is divided into 18 quartiers, or districts, sometimes composed of several neighborhoods. They are: Centre (1), Maupas/Valency (2), Sébeillon/Malley (3), Montoie/Bourdonnette (4), Montriond/Cour (5), Sous-Gare/Ouchy (6), Montchoisi (7), Florimont/Chissiez (8), Mousquines/Bellevue (9), Vallon/Béthusy (10), Chailly/Rovéréaz (11), Sallaz/Vennes/Séchaud (12), Sauvabelin (13), Borde/Bellevaux (14), Vinet/Pontaise (15), Bossons/Blécherette (16), Beaulieu/Grey/Boisy (17), and Les Zones foraines (90).

Government

[edit]

The municipality (la Municipalité) constitutes the executive government of the City of Lausanne and operates as a collegiate authority. It is composed of seven councilors (French: conseiller municipal/conseillère municipale), each presiding over a directorate. One of the members act as mayor (syndic). In the mandate period 2021–2026 (la législature) the Municipality is presided by le Syndic Grégoire Junod. Directoral tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the Communal Council are carried by the Municipality. The regular election of the Municipality by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every five years. Any resident of Lausanne allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the Municipality. Since 14 April 2003, due to the constitution by canton of Vaud not only Swiss citizen have the right to vote and elect and being elected on communal level, but also foreigners with a residence permit of at least 10 years in Switzerland and 3 years in the canton of Vaud.[35] The current mandate period is from 1 Jue 2021 to 30 May 2026. The delegates are elected by means of a system of Majorz. The mayor is later on elected as such by a public election as well by a system of Majorz, while the heads of the other departments are assigned by the collegiate. The executive body holds its meetings in the Town Hall (L'Hôtel de Ville), in the old city on Place de la Palud.[36]

As of 2021, Lausanne's Municipality is made up of three representatives of the PS (Social Democratic Party, of whom one is also the mayor), and two members of PES (Green Party), and one each of le Parti Ouvrier et Populaire Vaudois (POP), and PLR (Les Libéraux-Radicaux (PLR)), giving the left parties a very strong six out of seven seats. The last regular election was held on 7 and 28 March 2021.[37][38]

La Municipalité of Lausanne for the mandate period 2021–2026[37]
Councilor
(conseiller municipal/ conseillère municipale)		 Party Directorate (Direction de(s), since) of elected since
Grégoire Junod[CM 1]   PS Culture and Urban Development (Culture et dévelopment urbain, 2016) 2011
Pierre-Antoine Hildbrand   PLR Security and Economy (Sécurité et économie, 2016) 2016
Émilie Moeschler   PS Sports and Social Cohesion (Sports et cohésion sociale, 2021) 2021
Natacha Litzistorf[CM 2]   PES Housing, Environmental Development, and Building/Architecture (Logement, environnement et architecture, 2016) 2016
David Payot   POP Childhood, Youth, and Quarters (Enfance, jeunesse et quartiers, 2016) 2016
Florence Germond   PS Finances and Mobility (Finances et mobilité, 2011) 2011
Xavier Company   PES Industrial Services (Services industriels, 2021) 2021
  1. ^ Mayor (Syndic)
  2. ^ Vice-Mayor (Vice-syndique) 2022

Simon Affolter is Town Chancellor (chancelier municipal) since and Patrizia Marzullo Darbellay is Deputy Town Chancellor since for the Municipality.

Parliament

[edit]

Le Conseil communal of Lausanne for the mandate period of 2021–2026

  Ensemble à Gauche (POP, Sol, indépedant.e.s) (13%)
  PS (29%)
  Les Verts (PES) (24%)
  pvl) (6%)
  PLR (21%)
  UDC (7%)

The Communal Council (Conseil communal) holds legislative power. It is made up of 100 members, with elections held every five years. The Communal Council decrees regulations and by-laws that are executed by the Municipality and the administration. The sessions of the Communal Council are public. Unlike members of the Municipality, members of the Communal Council are not politicians by profession, and they are paid a fee based on their attendance. Any resident of Lausanne allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the Communal Council. Since 14 April 2003, due to the constitution by canton of Vaud not only Swiss citizen have the right to vote and elect and being elected on communal level, but also foreigners with a residence permit of at least 10 years in Switzerland and 3 years in the canton of Vaud.[35] The Parliament holds its meetings in the Town Hall (Hôtel de Ville), in the old city on Place de la Palud.[39]

The last election of the Communal Council was held on 7 March 2021 for the mandate period (la législature) from 1 June 2021 to 31 May 2026. As of this election the Communal Council consist of 29 (-4) members of the Social Democratic Party (PS), 24 (+7) Green Party (PES), 21 (0) Les Libéraux-Radicaux (PLR), 13 (+2) Ensemble à Gauche (an alliance of the left parties POP (Parti Suisse du Travail – Parti Ouvrier et Populaire) and solidaritéS and indépendant.e.s), 7 (-5) Swiss People's Party (UDC), and 6 (0) members of the Green Liberal Party (pvl)).[40][38]

Elections

[edit]

National Council

[edit]

In the 2019 federal election for the Swiss National Council the most popular party was the Green Party which received 27.3% (+11.4) of the vote. The next five most popular parties were the PS (26.7%, -4.2), PLR (15.1%, -3.6), the UDC (9.3%, -6), the POP/solidaritéS (9%, +1.9), the pvl (6.9%, +3.4).[41] In the federal election a total of 26,070 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 39.7%.[42]

In the 2015 federal election for the Swiss National Council the most popular party was the PS which received 30.8% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the PLR (18.7%), the Green Party (15.9%), and the UDC (15.4%). In the federal election, a total of 26,116 voters were cast, and the voter turnout was 41.0%.[43]

Twin towns and sister cities

[edit]

Demographics

[edit]

Population

[edit]
Largest groups of foreign residents (2013)[46]
Nationality Number % total
(foreigners)
Portugal 10,081 7.2 (17.2)
France 9,968 7.2 (17.0)
Italy 6,326 4.5 (10.8)
Spain 4,558 3.3 (7.8)
Kosovo 2,318 1.7 (4.0)
Germany 1,377 1.0 (2.4)
Turkey 934 0.7 (1.6)
United Kingdom 859 0.6 (1.5)
Brazil 840 0.6 (1.4)
Ecuador 828 0.6 (1.4)

Lausanne has a population (as of December 2020) of 140,202.[47] As of 2013, 42% of the population were resident foreign nationals.[46] Over the last 10 years (1999–2009) the population has changed at a rate of 9.9%. It has changed at a rate of 8.3% due to migration and at a rate of 2.6% due to births and deaths.[48] The population of the greater Lausanne area (grand Lausanne) is 402,900 (as of December 2014).[10]

Of the population in the municipality, 58% or 80,828 have a Swiss citizenship, while 16,908 or 12.1% are from Lausanne and still lived there in December 2013. There were 27,653 or 19.8% who are from somewhere else in the same canton, while 36,276 or 26.0% have a Swiss citizenship in another canton. 58,9562 or 42.0% have a foreign citizenship.[49]

In 2000, most of the population spoke French (98,424 or 78.8%), with German being second most common (5,365 or 4.3%) and Italian being third (4,976 or 4.0%). There were 62 people who speak Romansh.[50]

In 2008 there were 840 live births to Swiss citizens and 623 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 862 deaths of Swiss citizens and 127 non-Swiss citizen deaths. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 22 while the foreign population increased by 496. There were 9 Swiss men and 57 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 2230 non-Swiss men and 1802 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 883 and the non-Swiss population increased by 2221 people. This represents a population growth rate of 2.6%.[51]

The age distribution, as of 2009, in Lausanne is; 11,818 children or 9.4% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 12,128 or 9.7% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 21,101 people or 16.8% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 22,158 people or 17.6% are between 30 and 39, 18,016 people or 14.4% are between 40 and 49, and 13,940 people or 11.1% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 11,041 people or 8.8% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 8,277 people or 6.6% are between 70 and 79, there are 5,896 people or 4.7% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 1,171 people or 0.9% who are 90 and older.[52]

View from Rue du Grand-Pont

As of 2000, there were 58,100 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 48,990 married individuals, 7,797 widows or widowers and 10,027 individuals who are divorced.[50]

As of 2000 the average number of residents per living room was 0.64 which is about equal to the cantonal average of 0.61 per room.[48] In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least 4 m2 (43.1 sq ft) as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics.[53] About 6.5% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement).[54]

Stairs (escaliers du marché) in the old city

As of 2000, there were 62,258 private households in the municipality, and an average of 1.9 persons per household.[48] There were 31,205 households that consist of only one person and 2,184 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 63,833 households that answered this question, 48.9% were households made up of just one person and there were 306 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 13,131 married couples without children and 11,603 married couples with children. There were 3,883 single parents with a child or children. There were 2,130 households that were made up of unrelated people, and 1,575 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.[50]

In 2000 there were 1,833 single family homes (or 23.1% of the total) out of a total of 7,925 inhabited buildings. There were 3,634 multi-family buildings (45.9%), along with 1,955 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (24.7%) and 503 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (6.3%). Of the single family homes 324 were built before 1919, while 153 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (498) were built between 1919 and 1945. The most multi-family homes (933) were built before 1919 and the next most (906) were built between 1919 and 1945. There were 180 multi-family houses built between 1996 and 2000.[55]

In 2000 there were 69,383 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 3 rooms of which there were 22,408. There were 9,579 single room apartments and 7,388 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 61,056 apartments (88.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 6,840 apartments (9.9%) were seasonally occupied and 1,487 apartments (2.1%) were empty.[55] As of 2009, the construction rate of new housing units was 2.1 new units per 1000 residents.[48]

As of 2003 the average price to rent an average apartment in Lausanne was 1064.08 Swiss francs (CHF) per month (US$850, £480, €680 approx. exchange rate from 2003). The average rate for a one-room apartment was 597.46 CHF (US$480, £270, €380), a two-room apartment was about 792.33 CHF (US$630, £360, €510), a three-room apartment was about 1044.64 CHF (US$840, £470, €670) and a six or more room apartment cost an average of 2024.55 CHF (US$1620, £910, €1300). The average apartment price in Lausanne was 95.3% of the national average of 1116 CHF.[56] The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 0.17%.[48]

Historic population

[edit]

The historical population is given in the following chart:[8]

Religion

[edit]

From the Reformation in the 16th century, the city was mostly Protestant until the late 20th century, when it received substantial immigration, particularly from largely Catholic countries. Catholics now form a plurality of the city's population. The Jewish community gathers at the Synagogue of Lausanne.

From the 2000 census, 47,225 people (37.8% of the population) were Roman Catholic, while 33,993 (27.2%) belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 2,698 members of an Orthodox church (2.16%), there were 65 individuals (0.05%) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 4,437 individuals (3.55%) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 849 individuals (0.68%) who were Jewish, and 7,501 (6.00%) who were Muslim. There were 452 individuals who were Buddhist, 772 individuals who were Hindu and 343 individuals who belonged to another church. 21,080 (16.88%) belonged to no church, were agnostic or atheist, and 7,590 individuals (6.08%) did not answer the question.[50]

The Protestant Cathedral of Notre Dame dominates the Lausanne skyline (left: Old Academy, right: Palais de Rumine).

Crime

[edit]
See also: Crime in Switzerland

In 2014 the crime rate, of crimes listed in the Swiss Criminal Code, in Lausanne was 167.3 per thousand residents. During the same period, the rate of drug crimes was 49.5 per thousand residents, and the rate of violations of immigration, visa and work permit laws was 21 per thousand residents.[57]

Transport

[edit]
See also: Lausanne railway station, RER Vaud, Lausanne Metro, and Public transport in the Lausanne Region
The Lausanne Metro is a rubber tyre metro system.
The Lausanne Metro Line 1 is completely on reserved track, single line, even underground.
Public transport network

Lausanne is served by an extensive network of local, national and international public transport. National and international passenger trains of the Swiss Federal Railways depart from Lausanne railway station, which is also the hub of the RER Vaud commuter rail system, and a stop on the city's metro. The metro and local buses are operated by Transports publics de la région lausannoise (TL), with many routes run using trolleybuses. Additional commuter trains are run by the Lausanne–Echallens–Bercher railway (LEB) from Lausanne-Flon station. Ships across Lake Geneva are provided by the Compagnie Générale de Navigation sur le lac Léman (CGN).

Lausanne became the first city in Switzerland to have a rubber-tyred metro system, with the m2 Line which opened in October 2008. The rolling stock is a shorter version of the one used on Paris Métro Line 14.[58] Further expansion of the system is planned, as is the re-introduction of trams.[59]

Lausanne is connected to the A1 motorway on its west side (Geneva – Zurich axis) and to the A9 on its north and east side (for transit with Italy and France); the interchange between these two motorways is on the north-west side of the city.

Lausanne Airport is located at Blécherette, and also houses a Boeing 737 Simulator.[60] The city is also directly linked by train to the Geneva International Airport, four times an hour, in 42 min.

Economy

[edit]
Aerial view of Lausanne (railway station in the centre and Parc de Milan at the bottom)

As of  2010, Lausanne had an unemployment rate of 8%. As of 2008, there were 114 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 25 businesses involved in this sector. 6,348 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 698 businesses in this sector. 83,157 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 6,501 businesses in this sector.[48]

There were 59,599 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which women made up 47.4% of the workforce. In 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 75,041. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 93, of which 56 were in agriculture, 34 were in forestry or lumber production and 3 were in fishing or fisheries. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 6,057 of which 1,515 or (25.0%) were in manufacturing, 24 or (0.4%) were in mining and 3,721 (61.4%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 68,891. In the tertiary sector; 8,520 or 12.4% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 2,955 or 4.3% were in the movement and storage of goods, 4,345 or 6.3% were in a hotel or restaurant, 4,671 or 6.8% were in the information industry, 6,729 or 9.8% were the insurance or financial industry, 8,213 or 11.9% were technical professionals or scientists, 5,756 or 8.4% were in education and 14,312 or 20.8% were in health care.[61]

In 2000, there were 55,789 workers who commuted into the municipality and 19,082 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 2.9 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 1.9% of the workforce coming into Lausanne are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.1% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work.[62] Of the working population, 40.9% used public transportation to get to work, and 35.1% used a private car.[48] Large companies headquartered in Lausanne and its metropolitan area include:

Education

[edit]
The École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (photo) and the University of Lausanne form a large campus near the lake Geneva.

In Lausanne about 40,118 or (32.1%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 22,934 or (18.4%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 22,934 who completed tertiary schooling, 38.7% were Swiss men, 31.3% were Swiss women, 17.1% were non-Swiss men and 12.9% were non-Swiss women.[50]

In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 12,244 students in the Lausanne school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts.[64] During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 2,648 children of which 1,947 children (73.5%) received subsidized pre-school care. The canton's primary school program requires students to attend for four years. There were 6,601 students in the municipal primary school program. The obligatory lower secondary school program lasts for six years and there were 5,244 students in those schools. There were also 399 students who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.[65]

Lausanne is home to several museums, including the Collection de l'art brut, the Espace Arlaud, the Fondation de l'Hermitage, the Musée cantonal d'archéologie et d'histoire, the Musée cantonal de géologie, the Musée cantonal de zoologie, the Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts, the Museum of Contemporary Design and Applied Arts, the Musée de l'Élysée and the Musée historique de Lausanne.[66] In 2009 the Collection de l'art brut was visited by 27,028 people (the average in previous years was 33,356). The Espace Arlaud was visited by 9,222 people (the average in previous years was 14,206). The Fondation de l'Hermitage was visited by 89,175 people (the average in previous years was 74,839). The Musée cantonal d'archéologie et d'histoire was visited by 14,841 people (the average in previous years was 15,775). The Musée cantonal de zoologie was visited by 30,794 people (the average in previous years was 30,392). The Musée cantonal de géologie was visited by 28,299 people (the average in previous years was 24,248). The Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts was visited by 26,456 people (the average in previous years was 26,384). The Museum of Contemporary Design and Applied Arts was visited by 28,554 people (the average in previous years was 22,879). The Musée de l'Élysée was visited by 36,775 people (the average in previous years was 37,757). The Musée historique de Lausanne was visited by 23,116 people (the average in previous years was 22,851).[66]

As of 2000, there were 12,147 students in Lausanne who came from another municipality, while 2,258 residents attended schools outside the municipality.[62]

Libraries

[edit]

Lausanne is home to eight large libraries or collections of libraries. These libraries include the Cantonal and University Library of Lausanne, the library of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), the libraries of the Réseau EPFL, the Bibliothèque municipale de Lausanne, the Haute école de travail social et de la santé (EESP), the HECV Santé, the Haute école de la santé La Source and the École cantonale d'art de Lausanne (ECAL). There was a combined total (as of 2008) of 3,496,260 books or other media in the libraries, and in the same year a total of 1,650,534 items were loaned out.[67]

Tertiary education

[edit]

Lausanne enjoys some world class education and research establishments (see also Lausanne campus), including private schools, attended by students from around the world.

Primary and secondary schools

[edit]
International schools
Private schools
  • École Vinet
  • École Alphalif

Culture and arts

[edit]

Heritage sites of national significance

[edit]

There are 46 buildings or sites that are listed as Swiss heritage sites of national significance. Additionally, the entire old city of Lausanne and the Vernand-Dessus region are listed in the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.[68]

Culture

[edit]
In addition to the Cantonal and University Library of Lausanne, the Palais de Rumine hosts several museums.

The Orchestre de chambre de Lausanne, the Lausanne Opera and the Ensemble vocal de Lausanne provide a diverse and rich musical life. The latter has been under the direction of Michel Corboz for many years.

In January, the Prix de Lausanne, a famous dance competition, takes place at the Palais de Beaulieu (the biggest theatre in Switzerland[69]) over a one-week period. The event attracts dancers and some of the big names in dance from all over the world.

The Swiss Film Archive is based in Lausanne and the city hosts film festivals such as the Festival cinémas d’Afrique Lausanne and the Lausanne Underground Film and Music Festival. In addition to modern cinemas, the "Capitole" (in activity since 1929) is the biggest cinema in Switzerland (currently 867 seats).[70]

The city hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 1989. Each July, the Festival de la cité is held in the old town. Other music festivals include the Bach Festival, the Festival et concours Bach de Lausanne, which follows the Nuit de musées (museums' night) in the fall season.

Lausanne is also the home of the Béjart Ballet.

Monuments

[edit]

Museums

[edit]

Lausanne is also the site of many museums:

Art galleries

[edit]

Main contemporary art galleries

[edit]

Art centers or artist-run galleries

[edit]
  • Circuit[85]
  • Galerie Galerie 1m3[86]
  • Doll espace d'art contemporain[87]

Music

[edit]

Sports

[edit]
The seat of the International Olympic Committee in Lausanne

Lausanne is home to the IOC, with water sports available on the nearby lake and mountaineering in the nearby mountains. Cycling is also a common pastime, with the vineyards in the surrounding hills providing extensive views and challenging routes.[citation needed] There is an annual Track and field meeting (Athletissima), road running through the city (the 20 km (12 mi) of Lausanne), the Tour de Romandie road cycling race, Marathon of Lausanne and triathlon competition, among other sports events. The two most important sports are ice hockey and football. Lausanne hosted the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics[88] and the 2020 IIHF World Championship.

Local

International

Lausanne hosts the headquarters of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), and many other international sport associations:

International relations

[edit]

In March–April 2015, the negotiations on Iran nuclear deal framework for a comprehensive agreement on the Iranian nuclear programme took place at the Beau-Rivage Palace, where the foreign ministers and delegations from the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, China, France, the European Union, Germany (P5+1) and Iran were also hosted. The final press conference, on 2 April 2015, was held at the EPFL Learning Centre.

On 24 July 1923, the Treaty of Lausanne was signed at the Beau-Rivage Palace.

Notable people

[edit]
See also: Category:People from Lausanne
Jean-Pascal Delamuraz
Johann Ludwig Burckhardt
Auguste Piccard, 1932
Albert Chavannes, 1903
Capucine, 1962
Lady Elizabeth Butler (née Thompson)
Rachel Kolly d'Alba, 2009
Coco Chanel, 1928
Pierre de Coubertin, 1925

Public service, the military and the church

[edit]

Science and architecture

[edit]

Writing

[edit]

Acting

[edit]

Painting

[edit]

Music and dancing

[edit]

Royalty, nobility, and the landed gentry

[edit]

Business

[edit]

Sport

[edit]
See also: Category:Sportspeople from Lausanne

Unwelcome notables

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ German: Lausanne [loˈzan] ⓘ; Italian: Losanna [loˈzan.na]; Romansh: Losanna [loˈzan.na].[7][8]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Arealstatistik Standard - Gemeinden nach 4 Hauptbereichen". Federal Statistical Office. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  2. ^ https://www.pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/pxweb/fr/px-x-0102020000_201/-/px-x-0102020000_201.px/table/tableViewLayout2/?rxid=c5985c8d-66cd-446c-9a07-d8cc07276160. Retrieved 2 June 2020. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ^ "Lausanne". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  4. ^ "Lausanne". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  5. ^ "Lausanne" (US) and "Lausanne". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.
  6. ^ "Lausanne". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  7. ^ "Glossarium Helvetiae Historicum, Lausanne" (official site) (in French). Berne, Switzerland: Historical Directory of Switzerland.. "À l'intérieur des articles, les formes principales des noms officiels ou indigènes ("endonymes") sont affichées en gros caractères demi-gras, celles des exonymes historiques en caractères normaux. Enfin, toutes les formes secondaires sont imprimées en italique. [Engl.: Within the articles, the main forms of official or indigenous names ("endonyms") are displayed in large semi-bold characters, those of historical exonyms in normal characters {means: non-bold}. Finally, all secondary forms are printed in italics.]
  8. ^ a b c d e f Gilbert Coutaz: Lausanne in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, 30 June 2014.
  9. ^ Distance Lausanne-Genève
  10. ^ a b "Lebensqualität in den Städten und Agglomerationen (Agglo 2012): Demographischer Kontext". pxweb.bfs.admin.ch/ (Statistics). Federal Statistical Office, Neuchâtel, Swiss Federal Administration. 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
  11. ^ Peca, Servan (29 December 2015). "L'Arc lémanique a été dépassé par son propre pouvoir de séduction". Le Temps.
  12. ^ "Welcome to International Sports Federations". International Sports Federations. Archived from the original on 11 August 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
  13. ^ Kucera, Andrea (28 April 2015). "Lausanne – Hauptstadt des Sports". NZZ. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  14. ^ "Lausanne Metro m2, Vaud canton, Switzerland". Railway Technology. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  15. ^ "Lausanne named Winter Youth Olympic Games host for 2020". International Olympic Committee. 27 October 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  16. ^ They are preserved in the Bern Historical Museum.
  17. ^ Lasserre, Claude (1997). Le séminaire de Lausanne, 1726–1812 : instrument de la restauration du protestantisme français : étude historique fondée principalement sur les documents inédits. Bibliothèque historique vaudoise, no 112 (in French). Lausanne: Bibliothèque historique vaudoise. ISBN 978-2-88454-112-1. OCLC 39222660. Also OCLC 39228676
  18. ^ Marabello, Thomas Quinn. "The Centennial of the Treaty of Lausanne: Turkey, Switzerland, the Great Powers and a Soviet Diplomat's Assassination". Swiss American Historical Society. Swiss American Historical Society Review.
  19. ^ "Lausanne 1964: Two ideas, one Expo". Swiss National Exhibitions – Expo-Archive. swissinfo/Swiss Radio International (SRI). Archived from the original on 8 April 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
  20. ^ "The Waste Land – Modernism Lab Essays". Modernism.research.yale.edu. 24 March 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  21. ^ "The Fourteenth International Hemingway Society Conference : Hemingway's Extreme Geographies" (PDF). Unil.ch. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  22. ^ "Tired of being bored", The Lausanner 3 (English, Summer/Autumn 2019), 17. https://static.mycity.travel/manage/uploads/6/30/102741/1/the-lausanner-summer-autumn-2019-n0-3.pdf
  23. ^ Reuters, ed. (2 June 2003). "Anti-G8 protests turn violent in Switzerland". Times of Malta. Retrieved 18 January 2016. {{cite news}}: |editor= has generic name (help)
  24. ^ "A landmark arts venture launches in Lausanne, Switzerland". The Spaces. 20 June 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  25. ^ "One Swiss City Is Giving Its Art Scene a Major Boost". InsideHook. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
  26. ^ a b Swiss Federal Statistical Office-Land Use Statistics 2018 data (in German) accessed 26 July 2020
  27. ^ Nomenklaturen – Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz Archived 13 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine. (in German) Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  28. ^ "Climate normals Pully (Reference period 1981–2010)" (PDF). Zurich Airport, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Office of Metreology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss. 2 July 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  29. ^ "Switzerland Plant Hardiness Zone Map". PlantMaps. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  30. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 13 December 2024. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
  31. ^ "Climate Normals Pully (Reference period 1991−2020)" (PDF). Swiss Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  32. ^ "Climate normals Pully (Reference period 1981−2010)" (PDF). Zurich Airport, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss. 2 July 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  33. ^ "STATISTIQUE VAUD – Accès à la base de données sur la météorologie". scris.vd.ch. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  34. ^ "Lausanne commune (Vaud canton, Switzerland)". Crwflags.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  35. ^ a b "Qui peut voter?" (official site) (in French). Geneva, Switzerland: Secrétariat municipal, Ville de Lausanne. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
  36. ^ "Municipalité" (official site) (in French). Lausanne, Switzerland: Hôtel de Ville de Lausanne. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  37. ^ a b "Organisation de la Municipalité pour 2022" (official site) (in French). Lausanne, Switzerland. 28 March 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  38. ^ a b "Résultats des élections communales" (official site) (in French). Lausanne, Switzerland: Hôtel de Ville de Lausanne. 7 March 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  39. ^ "Conseil communal" (official site) (in French). Geneva, Switzerland: Conseil communal, Ville de Lausanne. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
  40. ^ "Composition du Conseil communal" (official site) (in French). Lausanne, Switzerland: Conseil communal, Ville de Lausanne. 21 March 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  41. ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office, FSO, ed. (28 November 2019). "NR – Ergebnisse Parteien (Gemeinden) (INT1)" (CSV) (official statistics) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office, FSO. Retrieved 18 May 2020 – via opendata.swiss.
  42. ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office, FSO, ed. (28 November 2019). "NR – Wahlbeteiligung (Gemeinden) (INT1)" (CSV) (official statistics) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office, FSO. Retrieved 18 May 2020 – via opendata.swiss.
  43. ^ "Nationalratswahlen 2015: Stärke der Parteien und Wahlbeteiligung nach Gemeinden" (official statistics) (in German and French). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 4 March 2016. Archived from the original (XLS) on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  44. ^ a b c "The Lausanne town". Council of Europe / Europe Prize Exhibition. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  45. ^ a b c "Lausanne". faovd.ch (in French). Feuille des avis officiels du canton de Vaud. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  46. ^ a b "Population totale par région du monde et selon la nationalité, 1979–2013". Scris-lausanne.vd.ch/LS_pop_residante (Statistics) (in French). Contrôle des Habitants de la Ville de Lausanne / StatVD, canton de Vaud. 23 January 2014. Archived from the original (XLS) on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014. data from December 2013
  47. ^ "Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen, Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit". bfs.admin.ch (in German). Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT-TAB. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  48. ^ a b c d e f g Swiss Federal Statistical Office Archived 5 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
  49. ^ "Population totale selon l'origine, 1979–2013". Scris.vd.ch (Statistics) (in French). Contrôle des Habitants de la Ville de Lausanne / StatVD, canton de Vaud. 23 January 2014. Archived from the original (XLS) on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
  50. ^ a b c d e STAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 – 2000 Archived 9 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine. (in German) Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  51. ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office – Superweb database – Gemeinde Statistics 1981–2008 Archived 28 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. (in German) Retrieved 19 June 2010.
  52. ^ Canton of Vaud Statistical Office Archived 16 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine. (in French) Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  53. ^ Eurostat. "Housing (SA1)" (PDF). Urban Audit Glossary. 2007. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2009. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
  54. ^ Urban Audit Glossary p. 17.
  55. ^ a b Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB – Datenwürfel für Thema 09.2 – Gebäude und Wohnungen Archived 7 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine. (in German) Retrieved 28 January 2011.
  56. ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office-Rental prices Archived 23 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine 2003 data. (in German) Retrieved 26 May 2010.
  57. ^ "Betäubungsmittelgesetz (BetmG): Häufigkeitszahl der Straftaten, 2015". Statistical Atlas of Switzerland (in German).
  58. ^ Lambert, Anthony (2013). Switzerland without a Car (5 ed.). Bradt Travel Guides. p. 258. ISBN 978-1841624471.
  59. ^ "Les Axes forts – Site officiel de la Ville de Lausanne". City of Lausanne. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  60. ^ "JMS Boeing 737 Simulator". Thebigboss.ch. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  61. ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Betriebszählung: Arbeitsstätten nach Gemeinde und NOGA 2008 (Abschnitte), Sektoren 1–3 Archived 25 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine. (in German) Retrieved 28 January 2011.
  62. ^ a b Swiss Federal Statistical Office – Statweb Archived 4 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine. (in German) Retrieved 24 June 2010.
  63. ^ "PMI.com homepage". Philipmorrisinternational.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  64. ^ "STATISTIQUE VAUD – Généralités : Organigramme". Scris.vd.ch. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  65. ^ Canton of Vaud Statistical Office – Scol. obligatoire/filières de transition Archived 25 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. (in French) Retrieved 2 May 2011.
  66. ^ a b Canton of Vaud Statistical Office – Fréquentation de quelques musées et fondations, Vaud, 2001–2009 Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. (in French) Retrieved 2 May 2011.
  67. ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office, list of libraries Archived 6 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine. (in German) Retrieved 14 May 2010.
  68. ^ "Kantonsliste A-Objekte". KGS Inventar (in German). Federal Office of Civil Protection. 2009. Archived from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
  69. ^ (in French) Mathieu Signorell, "Beaulieu lâche les congrès pour les infirmiers après l'échec de Taoua", 24 heures, Saturday 14 February 2015.
  70. ^ "Le Capitole". Lecapitole.ch (in French). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  71. ^ "Town Hall". Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  72. ^ "Musée historique Lausanne". Site officiel de la Ville de Lausanne. 13 September 2017.
  73. ^ "Redirection". Archived from the original on 14 December 2006. Retrieved 20 March 2006.
  74. ^ "Espace des inventions". espaceinventions.
  75. ^ "Musée de la main UNIL-CHUV – Accueil – Lausanne". museedelamain.ch.
  76. ^ "Vivarium Lausanne". Archived from the original on 1 September 2003.
  77. ^ "Monnaies et médailles: Musée cantonal d'archéologie et d'histoire". mcah.ch.
  78. ^ "Cantonal Money Museum – Official site of the City of Lausanne". 11 February 2012. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012.
  79. ^ "Les musées du Canton de Vaud : Le Musée d'achéologie et histoire". 16 May 2008. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008.
  80. ^ "Cantonal Museum of Archaeology and History – Official site of the City of Lausanne". 11 February 2012. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012.
  81. ^ "Musée cantonal de géologie". unil.ch.
  82. ^ "Lausanne-Vidy Roman Museum – Official site of the City of Lausanne". 11 February 2012. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012.
  83. ^ "Dubner Moderne". Dubner Moderne.
  84. ^ "A propos". E.S.F – Espace Saint-François – Art & Design – Communication globale.
  85. ^ "Genotec Internet Consulting AG – Hosting, IT, Development, Education". 8 June 2005. Archived from the original on 8 June 2005.
  86. ^ "Espace d'art Galerie 1m3". Archived from the original on 18 July 2006.
  87. ^ "DOLL – ESPACE D'ART CONTEMPORAIN". espacedoll.ch.
  88. ^ Goddard, Emily (12 July 2013). "Swiss President Maurer "very excited" about Youth Olympic bid as Lausanne launches official application". Insidethegames.biz. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  89. ^ "About IWUF".

Bibliography

[edit]
Published in the 19th century
  • Switzerland. Coblenz: Karl Baedeker. 1863.
Published in the 20th century
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lausanne.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Lausanne.
Preceded by World Gymnaestrada host city
2011 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lausanne&oldid=1263869170"