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Pacific Southwest Airlines

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This article is about the airline that operated from 1949 to 1988. For the current American Airlines regional subsidiary, see PSA Airlines. For the present day airline based in Dallas, Texas, see Southwest Airlines. For the airline that currently uses the IATA Code PS, see Ukraine International Airlines.
Pacific Southwest Airlines
IATA ICAO Call sign
PS PSA PSA
Commenced operations6 May 1949; 75 years ago (1949-05-06)[1]
Ceased operations9 April 1988; 36 years ago (1988-04-09)
(merged into USAir)
Hubs
Parent company
  • PSA, Inc. (1973–1986)
  • PS Group, Inc. (1986–1987)
  • USAir (1987–1988)
HeadquartersSan Diego, California, United States
Key peopleKenny Friedkin
J. Floyd Andrews

Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA) was a low-cost US airline headquartered in San Diego, California, that operated from 1949 to 1988. It was the first substantial scheduled discount airline. PSA called itself "The World's Friendliest Airline" and painted a smile on the nose of its airplanes, the PSA Grinningbirds.[2] The Los Angeles Times called PSA "practically the unofficial flag carrier airline of California for almost forty years."[3]

For three quarters of its existence, PSA operated as a California intrastate airline. PSA's early success as an intrastate airline served as a model for Southwest Airlines, which did in Texas what PSA had done in California.[4] After the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, PSA expanded to cities in other US western states and Mexico. However, PSA's performance in the new deregulated era was disappointing relative to that of Southwest and PSA's former fellow California intrastate carrier AirCal.

In 1986, USAir agreed to purchase PSA, the transaction closed in 1987 and PSA was integrated into USAir in 1988. The PSA acquisition gave USAir a network on the West Coast, but by 1991 USAir had largely withdrawn from California in the face of fierce fare wars driven, in significant part, by the spread of Southwest. Today's American Airlines Group continues to protect the PSA trademark by using it as a name for a regional airline subsidiary, PSA Airlines. PSA did not survive for long after deregulation, but its influence lives on through the continued success of Southwest.

History

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PSA 1953 logo

Startup, early competition

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PSA started as an offshoot of San Diego–based Friedkin Aeronautics, the flight school Kenny Friedkin started to train returning GIs. When GI business dried up, on May 6, 1949, Friedkin started flying once a week from San Diego to Oakland via Burbank with a $1,000-a-month leased Douglas DC-3. Friedkin obtained information from a travel agent upon starting the airline due to lessons learned from a failed precursor airline (Friedkin Airlines).[5] Reservations were initially taken at a World War II surplus latrine refitted as a ticket office. The original fare from Burbank to Oakland was $9.99. In July 1951 PSA added a flight to San Francisco. Oakland would be dropped in 1954, but restored to the system in 1965. DC-3s would go in and out of the fleet, but the total number was never more than four.[1]

PSA was one of eight California intrastate carriers that started flying in the 13 month period from January 1949 through January 1950 - but only California Central Airlines (CCA) and PSA lasted longer than a year.[6] CCA started in January 1949 and through its demise in February 1955 was larger, and flew better equipment (Martin 2-0-2s) than PSA. But CCA was not as focused as PSA (which stuck just to the San Diego to Bay Area route) and ultimately went bankrupt. PSA bid on CCA in the bankruptcy auction, but lost to a group composed of Allegheny Airlines and Southwest Airways (no relation to today's Southwest Airlines) which shut CCA immediately, leaving PSA as the only intrastate competitor.[7][8][9]

California Central Airlines and Pacific Southwest Airlines annual passengers, 1949–1954
Passengers 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954
California Central Airlines 73,487[10] 93,045[10] 145,101[11] 190,187[12] 148,091[13] 162,012[13]
Pacific Southwest Airlines[14] 15,011 45,390 75,995 92,484 115,028 102,124

Better aircraft, expansion

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Lockheed L-188 Electra of PSA around 1959
San Francisco 1963

In 1955, four Douglas DC-4s replaced the DC-3s,[15] with PSA painting rectangles around the windows to make them resemble the more modern Douglas DC-6.

In January 1958 PSA scheduled 37 DC-4s a week Burbank to San Francisco (29 of which originated in San Diego) and four nonstops San Diego to San Francisco; United Airlines, Western Airlines and TWA then scheduled a total of 241 nonstop flights each week from Los Angeles to San Francisco, plus 49 flights a week from Burbank to San Francisco. About half of these flights by the competition were First Class only ($22.05); the rest carried coach passengers for $13.50, all fares subject to then 5% federal excise tax.[16] In July 1958 PSA shifted some flights from Burbank to Los Angeles International Airport (LAX); that year it carried 296,000 passengers.

In late 1959 PSA began flying Lockheed Electra turboprops[17] with 92 seats and a six-seat lounge, replacing 70-seat DC-4s. In 1963 PSA got its sixth Electra; by then it carried more passengers between the Bay Area and Los Angeles than any other airline. Total PSA passengers climbed from 355,000 in 1959 to 1,305,000 in 1963 and 5,162,000 in 1970.[18]

Public company

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On March 16, 1962, founder Kenny Friedman, only 47 years old, died of a cerebral hemorrhage. He'd lived to see his airline become a success, but it was still tiny, with only five aircraft. J. Floyd Andrews, one of Friedkin's fellow founders, took over.[19][20] Andrews's era was tumultuous, PSA achieving a high national profile. This was the era of hot-pant clad flight attendants on pink-liveried aircraft, a classic image of California in the late 1960s and early 1970s. As discussed below, PSA became utterly dominant in the intra-California market, but also overreached to the point it almost went bankrupt.

Less than a year later, PSA went public, with a February 14, 1963, initial public offering, 313,000 shares (100,000 of them primary) at $19.[21] Preparations had been underway for some time. PSA had an unusual corporate structure, with its aircraft owned through three companies owned by founders (Friedkin and others). In January 1962, these were merged into PSA.[22] Prospectus facts that caught the eye of one observer included:[23]

  • With only five 98-seat Electras, PSA nonetheless had the second-highest passenger marketshare in San Francisco, and the fifth largest in Los Angeles.
  • Speedy ("woosh") 20 minute aircraft turnarounds and no-frills service.
  • Nine months profit to September 30, 1962, of over $1 million (at a time when the Los Angeles to San Francisco fare was just $13.50)
  • 937,000 passengers carried between San Francisco and Los Angeles in 11 months ending November 30, 1962, compared to 642,000 in the same period the prior year.
Pacific Southwest Airlines Financial Results, 1955 thru 1965[24]
(USD 000) 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965
Op revenue 1,588 2,265 3,126 3,930 4,776 8,130 10,300 14,205 17,852 20,773 24,015
Op profit 64 120 399 663 909 21 1,127 3,402 4,952 5,946 4,410
Net profit 244 59 197 322 456 0 310 1,369 2,252 2,946 2,035
Op margin 4.1% 5.3% 12.8% 16.9% 19.0% 0.3% 10.9% 23.9% 27.7% 28.6% 18.4%
Net margin 15.4% 2.6% 6.3% 8.2% 9.5% 0.0% 3.0% 9.6% 12.6% 14.2% 8.5%

CPUC era, 1965–1978

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Until 1965, as an intrastate airline PSA had a free hand in terms of how and where it flew within California. The California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) was limited to regulating PSA's prices. So long as PSA stayed within the boundaries of an intrastate airline, the federal Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), which otherwise tightly regulated US airlines, had no say, though as with any US airline, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) operationally regulated PSA. As of September 17, 1965, the CPUC had new powers over California intrastate airlines of economic certification (PSA was grandfathered) route entry/exit and service quality (e.g. frequency).[25][26]

PSA was in favor of this.[27] In the early 1960s, a number of new entrant California intrastate carriers had come and gone, the most notorious being Paradise Airlines, which had a terrible accident in 1964. PSA believed it would benefit from market stability,[28] but observers predicted that over time the CPUC would become just as restrictive as the CAB,[29] which, in fact, happened. From 1965 through US airline deregulation in 1978, the CPUC certified only two intrastate airlines: Air California and Holiday Airlines.[28] From September 17, 1965, through 1978, PSA would have to apply to the CPUC for all new routes, generally in competition with Air California.

Air California and lost opportunity

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Despite having total network freedom, PSA evolved its network minimally from 1949 to 1965: it served only five airports: San Diego, LAX, Burbank, San Francisco and Oakland.[30] In 1965, Orange County Airport (later John Wayne Airport (SNA)), had a new runway. It approached PSA (among other airlines) about serving it (SNA had long-standing minimal service from Bonanza Air Lines), and like the others, PSA demurred.[31] This was a mistake:

  • The CPUC certificated Air California to bring intrastate air service to Orange County, and the airport became a big deal. The County was the fastest growing in the nation in the 1960s, population increasing from 700K in 1960 to 1.4mm in 1970.[32] There was a lot of demand for Orange County service.
  • Having certificated Air California, the CPUC was open about its desire that Air California survive,[33] so it kept PSA out of Orange County, gave other desirable routes to Air California and otherwise took steps to protect it. The CPUC would assign routes to PSA or Air California but rarely both. Despite a rocky first five years, Air California survived and the CPUC ensured minimal competition between it and PSA.[34]

PSA tried to buy Air California twice:

  • In December 1969, an ailing Air California agreed to a merger, but the CPUC was slow to approve. In May 1970, PSA withdrew, citing the slow CPUC, and almost immediately thereafter, San Diego tycoon C. Arnholt Smith took control of Air California through his Westgate-California Corporation (WCC).[35]
  • In mid 1972, PSA agreed to buy WCC's majority stake in Air California. Against heavy opposition, the CPUC agreed to the merger when WCC said it would no longer fund Air California losses.[36][37] However, the US Department of Justice sued to prevent the merger, noting PSA had a 70% intra California market share and Air California had an 11% share.[38] By now a year had passed. PSA withdrew from the merger[39] after Air California auditors withdrew certification of 1971 and 1972 financial statements,[40] one of the first steps in a scandal that would envelop C. Arnholt Smith including the 1973 seizure of his bank, the largest in San Diego, and the 1974 bankruptcy of WCC.

1960s–1970s fleet

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Boeing 727-100 in 1971

PSA’s fleet changed constantly in the 1960s and 1970s. The 1960s started with Electras, then Boeing 727-100s arrived in 1965, PSA's first pure jet.[41] The last Electra flight was September 1968 [42] By 1969, PSA was swapping out 727-100s and replacing them with bigger 727-200s plus 737-200s.[43] At the beginning of 1970, the fleet comprised one 727-100, 16 727-200s and nine 737s.[44] In the late 1960s PSA also briefly had DC-9s, the justification was to train pilots of other airlines.[45] As discussed below, the L-1011s made a brief appearance in 1974-1975, but by then PSA was shedding the 737s; the last left in the fleet in 1976.[46] In 1975, Lockheed Electras returned to support flights to Tahoe (see below). Other than the Electras (required to operate to Tahoe), PSA settled on 727s in the late 1970s, acquiring used 727-100s as well as additional new 727-200s.[47]

PSA entered Tahoe after Holiday Airlines collapsed. Holiday basically served nowhere other than Tahoe, a choice that that sealed its fate. PSA applied to the CPUC for Holiday's routes in 1974[48] Holiday said it couldn’t afford to defend itself in front of the CPUC and went out of business in February 1975.[49][50] The CPUC split the Tahoe routes between Air California and PSA on an emergency basis, but required the two carriers use Electras for Tahoe.[51] One of PSA's first actions of the deregulated era (which started January 1, 1979) was to exit Tahoe, citing the high cost of Electras in a fleet that otherwise comprised 31 727s.[52][53]

In 1967 PSA was finally allowed to use offshore airway V25 to San Diego, despite being an intrastate airline.[54]

Attempted Western Air Lines merger

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An early indication that, for J. Floyd Andrews, PSA was not enough, came in December 1968 with an audacious bid for Western Air Lines, then under attack by Kirk Kerkorian. Western was four times the revenue of PSA, and as an interstate carrier, regulated by the CAB. It was unclear how this would work, putting together two airlines with different regulators, whether CAB approval would be forthcoming.[55] PSA pulled the bid in April 1969, citing deteriorating Western results. By that time, Kerkorian was, while not a majority owner of Western, difficult to dislodge controlling nine out of 21 seats on the board.[56] As outlined in a section below, PSA would instead pursue a non-airline acquisition strategy.

Those uniforms

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PSA flight attendants

J. Floyd Andrews implemented flight attendant hotpants (and micro miniskirts) in 1971. The vibe was captured, at considerable length, in a paean to PSA flight attendants in a 1971 article in the Los Angeles Times Sunday magazine (Thanksgiving Sunday that year, for what it's worth), which described PSA as an “Airborne Playboy Club” with “banana-skin tight uniforms”. An Andrews quote started with, “I have a particular fetish when it comes to these girls.” The author interviewed and described specific flight attendants down to eye color and measurements. He waxed lyrical about the “undulating rhythm of a PSA stewardess marching down the aisle,” and felt obliged to inform readers that uniforms (“with a certain reluctance on the part of the boss”) included girdles. The head flight attendant noted that “to keep wives happy we had to firm up the rear.” But not to worry: “the girls don’t resent being passenger bait.” But there were clouds on the horizon. The article noted the Supreme Court had ruled men must be allowed to be flight attendants, so things “might never be the same”. It was a very different era.[57]

Southwest Airlines

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Southwest Airlines was founded in 1967, but grueling legal challenges caused its operational start to be delayed until June 1971. Founder Rollin King took inspiration from PSA. Founding president Lamar Muse was open about the debt to PSA, saying "we don't mind being copycats of an operation like that", including hotpants.[58] PSA hosted King and Muse for a four day visit in 1971 and gave them a copy of PSA's FAA operating manuals, from which Southwest created its own in what Muse said was "primarily a copy-and-paste procedure".[59] PSA helping Southwest made sense in 1971, with each airline strictly limited to flying within its state and seemingly no prospect of that ever changing. Mutual admiration was expressed monetarily: in 1978, Southwest management and directors owned 6% of PSA, while PSA directors and management owned 10% of Southwest.[60]

Laid low by diversification and widebodies

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Boeing 737-200 with the “smiling” livery in 1974

In July 1968, PSA bought rental car company Valcar, a former Hertz subsidiary with a west-coast presence.[61][62] Like PSA, Valcar had a budget orientation, but PSA couldn't make it work and shut it down in 1971, after failing to sell it.[63][64]

In April 1969, PSA bought the San Franciscan Hotel in downtown San Francisco.[65] In June, PSA bought the Islandia in San Diego's Mission Bay.[66] In June 1971, PSA committed to a to-be constructed hotel at the Los Angeles Hollywood Park Racetrack (now the site of SoFi Stadium),[67] and in December 1971, committed to a to-be constructed hotel within the Queen Mary attraction in Long Beach[68] The synergies were not obvious. None of the hotels were located at airports, none of them were value-oriented. In 1973, CEO Andrews called the hotels "a complete flop"[69] and in 1974 gave three of them to Hyatt to run.[70] It took years for PSA to extricate itself. In 1979, PSA finally sold the San Franciscan but had yet to sell the Queen Mary hotel.[71]

In August 1970, PSA started buying radio stations.[72] By 1975, its four stations were for sale.[73] PSA also bought a catamaran.[74] In 1973, PSA created a holding company, "PSA, Inc." for the airline and many non-airline subsidiaries.[75]

Lockheed L-1011 pre-delivery

In late summer 1970, PSA ordered five Lockheed L-1011 widebody aircraft, deliveries starting 1972.[76] In the next 12 months, the L-1011 engine maker, Rolls-Royce, went bankrupt, and Lockheed required a US government bailout to avoid the same. In December 1971, PSA cancelled the order, but Lockheed said it couldn't.[77] In September 1972, PSA signed a new order, deliveries starting 1974.[78] PSA grounded its two L-1011s after eight months.[79][80] A 300 seat aircraft never made sense in a business model that depended on quick aircraft turnarounds. Economics presented to the CPUC showed L-1011 per-seat costs no better than a 727 despite being twice as large. PSA refused the last three aircraft and was stuck paying a 15-year lease on the first two.[81] It entered into years of litigation with Lockheed.[44]

By 1975, losses from diversification and L-1011s brought PSA to the brink of bankruptcy. Operating losses on rental cars, radio stations and hotels through 1974 (not including cost of acquisition) were almost $9M.[73] Through 1977, PSA lost another $1M on discontinued businesses and recognized $18mm in L-1011 losses.[82] In 1982, PSA took another $4.2M loss against its two L-1011s, still unable to find a home for them.[83] PSA's troubles attracted national attention.[84] PSA went to the CPUC asking for a fare increase to bail them out. The CPUC excoriated PSA, questioning management competency at length and especially withering about a 1974 $8mm share buyback.[81] In March 1976, J. Floyd Andrews gave up the CEO position, and in May, resigned as chair of the board.[85] By July, hotpants were on their way out.[86]

Getting out from under the CPUC

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As airline deregulation was being debated, for most of the country, it promised lower prices. But California already had lower prices, set by the CPUC. By comparison, in Texas, Southwest Airlines set its own fares, the Texas Aeronautics Commission didn’t get involved.[87] The concern (and expectation) was deregulation would lead to higher prices. California legislators and governor Jerry Brown wanted the CPUC to remain in charge of any airline that did over 50% of its business in California. This amendment was voted down in the relevant US House of Representatives subcommittee by one vote.[88] Instead, deregulation as passed included strong Federal preemption – states had little say over an airline with a Federal certificate.

By then, the CPUC had become the restrictive bureaucracy observers had predicted when it was given additional powers in 1965, second-guessing (in glacial and burdensome processes that could and did last for years) everything California intrastate carriers did, and even itself, as exemplified in the role the CPUC played in the 1975 demise of Holiday Airlines. PSA also played a special role at the CPUC. It was assumed to be the most efficient carrier, therefore CPUC fares were set relative to what would make the highest permissible profit for PSA – all other carriers operating in California then had to toe that line.[89] So PSA had ample reason to regret its support of that 1965 legislation. However, under the Airline Deregulation Act, the minute PSA started flying to Nevada in December 1978, it was free of the CPUC.[90] The CPUC didn’t take that lying down. The CPUC sued in Federal court to overturn the Airline Deregulation Act, lost, appealed, and lost again.[91]

Flight 182

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Main article: Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 182

As the regulated era drew to a close, PSA suffered a terrible crash in September 1978 when a 727 collided with a small plane over San Diego, fatal to all on both aircraft and to some on the ground. It was made worse for PSA by:

  • The presence of so many deadheading employees on the aircraft. 37 PSA employees died out of 135.[92]
  • The fact that San Diego was the company's hometown.
  • The culpability of the flight crew. It was responsible for keeping track of the small aircraft, but lost focus.

Harold Simmons

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1978 wasn't through with PSA yet. At the end of 1978 it transpired corporate raider Harold Simmons had accumulated a 20% stake. When PSA, appealing to investors, referred to a 30-year history of success, Simmons printed ads summarizing PSA’s far-from-successful 1970s financials and noting 1977 profits were about half those of 1971, despite revenues almost twice as large.[93] But as PSA said, Andrews was gone.[94] Simmons evinced no desire to "destroy" PSA, seeing it instead as a takeover candidate from which he could profit.[95] PSA won a shareholder vote to implement takeover defenses with just a bit more than 50% but the company had post-dated the shareholder record date to ensure Simmons couldn’t vote his whole stake. Simmons said he’d sue.[96] In the end, PSA paid him off by giving him some aircraft in exchange for his stake.[97] To be fair, notwithstanding Flight 182, PSA’s 1978 financials were somewhat better, but significantly flattered by an accounting change.[98]

PSA on the brink of deregulation

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As PSA headed towards deregulation, both the airline and Wall Street thought it would be a winner.[99] But in December 1978, Paul Barkley, then PSA’s chief operating officer (later CEO), spoke about the deregulated future a few weeks away. He expected something fairly sedate, quite different from the bitter Darwinistic struggle that would engulf the industry:[100]

  • Discounted airfares would fade away due to a shortage of aircraft and “passenger capacity”. Another factor against discount airfares was that they were too hard to administer.
  • Capacity would be tight through the mid-1980s due to lack of aircraft
  • The airline industry would be healthier in deregulation, there would be no revolutionary changes. Competition would not be intense, again, due to lack of aircraft.
Pacific Southwest Airlines(1) Financial Results, 1979 thru 1986
(USD mm) 1979[101][102] 1980[103][102] 1981[104] 1982[105] 1983[106] 1984[107] 1985[108] 1986[109]
Op revenue 293.0 301.6 335.2 378.1 443.9 505.4 582.8 694.1
Op profit (loss) 35.5 2.6 (16.0) (17.4) (10.0) 31.0 31.9 23.0
Net profit (loss) 23.1 4.2 22.7 18.6 (12.6) (4.8) (0.6) (3.1)
Op margin 12.1% 0.9% -4.8% -4.6% -2.3% 6.1% 5.5% 3.3%
Net margin 7.9% 1.4% 6.8% 4.9% -2.8% -0.9% -0.1% -0.4%
(1) Solely the airline, not the holding company containing the airline and other subsidiaries

Striking out in Texas

[edit]

Dallas-Fort Worth–based Braniff International Airways was the first trunk carrier to fail in deregulation. US trunk airlines were the descendants of the original 16 airlines certified by the CAB and thereafter regulated to be the main US carriers.[110] Braniff had been successful just prior to deregulation, but Harding Lawrence, Braniff’s imperious long-time leader, expanded the carrier beyond all reason immediately after deregulation, resulting in its May 1982 bankruptcy and shut-down.[111] Until Continental did so in 1983, no one knew an airline could kept flying successfully in Chapter 11.[112]

In October 1982, PSA announced a cheap and low-risk deal to expand into a new geography: under an eight year contract, Braniff would fly 25 to 30 727s from its Texas base with PSA colors and marketing, employing 1500 Braniff employees (who would have to agree to lower wages and higher productivity) as well as gates and takeoff/landing slots. These slots were key Braniff assets. In the wake of the August 1981 air traffic controllers strike, the FAA had limited air traffic control capacity, so allocated each airline takeoff/landing slots at specific airports. When Braniff collapsed, those rights were temporarily allocated to others. If Braniff flew again, it could recover those rights, grounding some operations at other carriers. It was a strong competitive lever.[113]

The initial deal failed when Braniff pilots refused to agree to lower seniority than PSA pilots in the event PSA ever merged with the PSA-Braniff operation (to ensure PSA pilots always got first pick of flying).[114] Pride as well as pay was in play: PSA was junior-league relative to storied Braniff.[115] A new deal with Braniff simply equipped a new carrier with Braniff equipment to fly under contract to PSA, sidestepping Braniff’s unions. Braniff would even loan PSA the funds.[116] In theory, this was just a business deal by the bankruptcy estate, but creditors noted it was a de-facto reorganization plan, so why didn’t they get a say? Further, the FAA noted if Braniff resumed flying it was entitled to its takeoff/landing slots, but a new airline that just happened to use Braniff assets was not. The deal died in March 1983.[117] It was perhaps for the best. PSA was unknown in Texas. A second iteration of Braniff did start flying in 1984 without PSA help, ultimately without success, unsurprising given Texas was home to Southwest (which, expanding westward, had already entered PSA’s home city of San Diego in January 1982),[118] American Airlines (which viewed Dallas/Ft Worth as its own, having moved its headquarters there in 1979)[119] and Continental Airlines, which in 1983 would go through a bankruptcy that dramatically lowered its costs.[112]

Meanwhile, PSA was making money, but not by flying passengers. In 1982 and 1981 it sold aircraft and tax credits on aircraft to make a net profit while still producing an operating loss.[120][121]

Disappointing deregulation performance

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In the years prior to deregulation, PSA said it must be ready for the day it was able to fly outside of California.[44][85] When the day came, PSA management saw themselves as one of the natural beneficiaries of deregulation (see prior sections). But in fact, PSA did poorly. As the nearby table shows, AirCal’s nominal growth from 1978 (the last year of regulation) to 1985 was double that of PSA, Southwest was nearly triple. Perhaps most striking was the comparison of PSA with Piedmont Airlines, which pre-deregulation had been a local service airline regulated by the CAB. Piedmont was smaller than PSA in 1978 but well over twice its size in 1985. Piedmont also had an unbroken string of profits since deregulation.[122]

1985 operating revenue as multiple of 1978 for four airlines(1)
(USD mm) 1978[123] 1985[109] 1985/1979
Pacific Southwest Airlines 229.8 582.8 2.54x
AirCal 67.6 344.5 5.10x
Piedmont Airlines 205.6 1,366.6 6.65x
Southwest Airlines[124][125] 81.1 606.1(2) 7.48x
(1) In each case, airline revenue only (not including other holding company subsidiaries, if any) (2) Does not include Muse Air, bought by Southwest in 1985
Pre-delivery Boeing 727-200

A July 1984 Los Angeles Times article noted PSA had been hanging fire since deregulation; management always waiting for some obstacle to clear. For instance, waiting to swap out the 727 fleet it had at deregulation (yet the abortive 1982/1983 Braniff deal would have doubled-down on 727s), which were too large and too fuel inefficient (given the rise in fuel prices, which PSA also blamed) and too labor intensive (given its three person cockpit vs two places for the MD-80).[126] 727s were a big factor in driving the company to ordering 20 BAe-146 aircraft in late 1983, which were both smaller and extremely quiet (an advantage in California where noise politics was a factor at airports like Orange County, Long Beach and Burbank).[127] PSA may have overcorrected – PSA ultimately configured BAe-146s with only 85 seats vs 150 for the MD-80s and 175 for the 727-200s.[128] In one respect, PSA was lucky: the BAe-146 was eventually notorious for fairly significant engine problems that PSA management never had to deal with because it sold the company before they became well known. As a stopgap, the airline also acquired four 110-seat used DC-9s from Air Canada in 1983.[129] PSA did not prioritize a single fleet type.

But if looking for reasons for underperformance, management might have considered itself, since it was of long-standing. William Shimp, CEO and Chairman from 1976 to 1984, joined PSA in 1949.[130] Paul Barkley, who succeeded Shimp, had been a C-suite officer at PSA since 1967.[131] Notwithstanding the disastrous experience of the 1970s, management never lost its taste for diversification, diverting corporate attention from the airline. PSA, Inc.'s 1983 annual report noted energy subsidiaries involved in fuel supply and distribution and oil and gas exploration and production, as well as aviation-related subsidiaries providing engine maintenance, aircraft leasing and flight training.[132]

Employee givebacks, PS Group, sale to USAir and Flight 1771

[edit]

In 1984, following another poor year in 1983, PSA asked for wage givebacks from airline employees. Employees would reduce pay by 15% in exchange for 15% of pre-tax airline profits and a 15% stake in the airline. Note, "airline profits", not the holding company, PSA, Inc., which included aircraft leasing and fuel distribution among other businesses. After some back-and-forth, employees went along with this in late 1984.[133] Employees got to nominate four directors to the airline board. Famed retailer Sol Price of Price Club (a Costco constituent) and FedMart was one such employee director.[134] Another requirement was a separate publicly-traded stock for the airline. On July 28, 1986, there was an initial public offering for the airline (1.8mm shares at $7).[135] Meanwhile, to eliminate confusion, the parent company (which retained its own stock listing) was renamed "PS Group, Inc.". In the midst of this activity, the holding company continued to diversify. In September 1985, it added to its oil and gas investments.[136]

1986 was the year of the airline merger – Republic into Northwest, Ozark into TWA, Western into Delta Air Lines and others. In November, AirCal accepted an offer from American Airlines. On December 8, USAir announced an agreement to purchase PSA for $400mm.[137] The combination had its skeptics: USAir’s pre-PSA California presence was 12 flights per day to Pittsburgh and Indianapolis so its brand awareness among Californians was minimal.[138] The purchase closed May 29, 1987, but PSA and USAir pilot union chapters fought over transition agreements, delaying the merger of PSA into USAir beyond the original January 1, 1988, date.[139]

Main article: Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771

PSA thus still existed under USAir ownership when on December 7, 1987, a fired USAir employee used his credentials (which had not been recovered from him) to sneak a gun on board PSA Flight 1771. En-route, he shot, among others, the flightcrew, causing the aircraft to crash, killing everyone on board. The fact pattern of a (former) USAir employee killing PSA crew and passengers overshadowed the last days of PSA.

PSA finally merged into USAir on April 9, 1988.[140] PS Group had long since banked what it was paid for its PSA, creating a well-funded life-raft for select former PSA executives, among which Chairman Paul Barkley.[141] By the time the merger was consummated, PS Group had used some the PSA money to buy a stake in a travel agency business, to go along with its aircraft leasing and oil & gas interests.[142]

Legacy

[edit]

The successors of PSA and AirCal, USAir and American, raised prices, reflecting their higher costs. In early 1990, the last-minute roundtrip fare from Los Angeles to Sacramento was $456, over $1000 in 2024 dollars. State legislators were increasingly irate, finally proposing a raft of bills to punish the carriers, even suggesting a state-owned airline,[143] but the market had already taken care of the problem. United Airlines had already announced an increase in frequency on Los Angeles to San Francisco from 16 to 27 per day[144] and Southwest Airlines had announced it was entering Burbank with 10 a day service to Oakland at a last-minute fare of $59 one way, $29 in advance.[145]

The resulting Los Angeles Basin to San Francisco Bay fare war was brutal, made worse when Iraq invaded Kuwait thereby spiking oil prices, collapsing demand for international travel and tipping the US into the Gulf War. In January 1991, in announcements only two weeks apart, first American and then USAir gutted the former AirCal and PSA systems, throwing in the towel less than five years after offering to buy the former intrastate airlines.[146]

The indirect legacy of PSA is Southwest Airlines, originally a Texas intrastate airline that PSA inspired. Southwest inspired low-cost airlines globally. PSA therefore was a key company in the advent of low-cost air travel.

Another legacy stems from Kenny Friedkin's son Thomas H. Friedkin, a PSA pilot in 1962 when his father died. A year later, Tom's mother (Kenny's widow) died, making him the largest PSA shareholder. Tom had a seat on the Board of Directors but continued as a full-time pilot for the airline.[147] Tom astutely invested in a Toyota distributorship in the late 1960s, Gulf States Toyota, now a multi-billion dollar business run by Tom's son, Kenny's grandson, Dan Friedkin.

Corporate culture

[edit]
PSA smile on an L-1011

PSA was known for its sense of humor. Founder Ken Friedkin wore Hawaiian shirts and encouraged his pilots and stewardesses to joke with passengers. Its slogan was "The World's Friendliest Airline", and its recognizable trademark was a smile painted on the nose of each plane and an accompanying advertising campaign declaring "Catch Our Smile".[148] Because of the major San Diego flight schedule and its discount fares, military personnel nicknamed PSA the "Poor Sailor's Airline."[147] After PSA was bought by USAir, ex-PSA mechanics would occasionally paint smiles on USAir planes as a joke.[149]

In the 1960s PSA was known for the brightly colored flight attendant uniforms, with miniskirts; as related above, in the early 1970s the fashion changed to hotpants.[147] A PSA flight attendant, Marilyn Tritt, wrote a book about her tenure at the company titled Long Legs and Short Nights.[150]

Throughout PSA's lifetime, the flight attendants, with their humor, over-the-top passenger service, and sense of duty, helped to create a loyal passenger following. One flight attendant, Sandy Daniels, with the help of a frequent flyer, started the "Precious Stewardess Association". Frequent fliers would bring tasty treats to the crew, particularly on morning flights. In turn, PSA started the "Precious Passenger Association", with certificates and free drinks given to friendly and helpful passengers.

Headquarters

[edit]

PSA headquarters were a windowless gray-brown building on Harbor Drive in San Diego, California.[151][152] The building was San Diego International Airport's commuter terminal until 2015 when it was converted into administrative offices of the San Diego County Regional Airport Authority.

Accidents and incidents

[edit]
  • On January 15, 1969, a PSA Boeing 727-100, N973PS, collided with Cessna 182 N42242 while it was climbing to its cruising altitude. Both aircraft were in controlled airspace on the same frequency. The 727 continued on to Ontario, CA and made a safe landing. The right wing of the Cessna was damaged, so it returned to San Francisco.[153] This incident was similar to the San Diego crash of Flight 182 nine years later.
  • On March 5, 1974, a PSA NAMC YS-11 training aircraft's engines failed, resulting in the aircraft crashing in the desert near Borrego Springs, California. The turboprop aircraft was doing a simulated landing stall. All of the four crew members survived the crash. The aircraft was written off.[154]
  • On September 25, 1978, PSA Flight 182, a Boeing 727-200, crashed in San Diego while trying to land at Lindbergh Field, California, after colliding with a Cessna 172. All 135 aboard the PSA flight were killed, as were the two in the Cessna and seven on the ground. At the time, it was the deadliest plane crash in U.S. history; it remains the worst mid-air collision in the United States.[155] A lawsuit argued by Gary Aguirre resulted in a verdict against PSA for damages.[156]
  • On December 7, 1987, PSA Flight 1771, a BAe 146, bound for San Francisco from Los Angeles, was airborne above the California central coast when it entered a high-speed nosedive and crashed near the town of Cayucos in San Luis Obispo County. Investigations determined that David Burke, a former US Air employee who had been fired for theft, armed himself and boarded the flight, which was carrying his former manager. After writing a note on an air sickness bag, Burke shot his ex-manager, a flight attendant, both pilots and the airline's chief pilot. Burke then pushed down on the control column, causing the aircraft to enter a dive. There were no survivors among the 38 passengers and five crew.[157]

Hijackings

[edit]

There were other attempted hijackings which resulted in no injuries and the surrender of the hijacker(s). These incidents are not included. The following are notable hijackings because of fatalities or because the aircraft flew to another country:

  • On January 7, 1972, PSA Flight 902, a Boeing 727-200 flight from San Francisco to Los Angeles was hijacked to Cuba. The captain negotiated the release of the passengers in Los Angeles and the hijackers, who had with them a baby and were armed with a shotgun and other arms, proceeded to Cuba,[158] with a fueling stop in Tampa. Three flight attendants and three off-duty flight attendants accompanied the flight to Cuba.[159][160]
  • On July 5, 1972, PSA Flight 710, a Boeing 737-200 flight from Sacramento to San Francisco was hijacked with demands to fly to the Soviet Union. The plane was stormed while on the ground at San Francisco, resulting in the deaths of one passenger and the two hijackers.[161] One of the passengers, who survived being shot in the back, was the actor Victor Sen Yung, best known as Hop Sing from the Bonanza television series. One other passenger was shot and survived.[162][163][164]

Destinations

[edit]

PSA served the following domestic destinations in the U.S. at various times during its existence.[165][166]

Arizona

California

Colorado

Idaho

New Mexico

Nevada

Oregon

Texas

Utah

Washington

Mexico

PSA also served the following destinations in Mexico at various times during its existence:[167][168]

Fleet

[edit]

Final fleet

[edit]

As of April 9, 1988, at the time of the merger, Pacific Southwest Airlines' fleet consisted of the following aircraft:[169][170]

Pacific Southwest Airlines fleet
Aircraft In
service 		Passengers Notes
BAe 146-100 1 85 Transferred to US Airways and retired in 1988.
BAe 146-200 22 All were transferred to US Airways and later retired in 1991.
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 4 100 Former Altair Airlines fleet.
All were transferred to US Airways and later retired in 2001.
McDonnell Douglas MD-81 21 150 All were transferred to US Airways and later retired in 2002.
McDonnell Douglas MD-82 10
Total 58

Retired fleet

[edit]

Pacific Southwest Airlines previously operated the following aircraft:[170]

Pacific Southwest Airlines retired fleet
Aircraft Total Introduced Retired Notes
Bell 206 1 1967 Un­known
Boeing 727-100 16 1965 1983
Boeing 727-200 33 1968 1985
Boeing 737-200 14 1968 1976
Douglas DC-3/C-47 Skytrain 9 1949 1955
Douglas C-54 Skymaster 4 1955 1961
Douglas DC-6B 1 1960 1963 Operated to Oakland while awaiting Electras.
Lockheed L-188A Electra 4 1961 1979 Type was in the fleet on two separate occasions.[a]
Lockheed L-188C Electra 5 1959
Lockheed L-1011-1 TriStar 2[b] 1974 1975 Used briefly between Los Angeles and San Francisco.
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-31 2 1967[c] 1970

PSA training fleet

[edit]
Pacific Southwest Airlines training aircraft fleet[171][170]
Aircraft Total Introduced Retired Notes
Beechcraft Model 99 1 1972 1975
Bell 47-G4A 1 Un­known 1969
Brantly B-2 1 Un­known Un­known
Beech Bonanza F33-A 8 Un­known Un­known
Learjet 24 1 Un­known Un­known
NAMC YS-11A-202 1 1972 1974[154] Never painted in PSA livery
NAMC YS-11A-212 1 1974 1975 Never painted in PSA livery
Piper Aztec 23-350 16 Un­known Un­known
Piper Comanche 24-260 5 1967 Un­known
Piper Aztec 28R-180 1 Un­known Un­known

Detailed fleet notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Originally, six L-188 examples were delivered new or used by Lockheed to PSA, between 1959 and 1963. The aircraft were retired in 1968 in favor of newer jet aircraft, including the Boeing 727, Boeing 737 and McDonnell Douglas DC-9. Four L-188 aircraft, including one aircraft previously owned by PSA, were purchased used or leased, between 1975 and 1977, due to jet aircraft restrictions at Lake Tahoe Airport. Due to high operating costs, service to Lake Tahoe was discontinued and the four aircraft were sold in 1979.
  2. ^ A total of five L-1011-1 aircraft were initially ordered from Lockheed by PSA. The airline only accepted the delivery of two aircraft, with the examples being operated briefly as high capacity commuter aircraft. The further three examples were cancelled during production and were resold by Lockheed to LTU International.
  3. ^ Two DC-9-30 aircraft were delivered to PSA in 1967 new. These were operated and owned, prior to the four ex-Air Canada DC-9-32 aircraft, purchased used from Altair Airlines in 1983.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Low Fare Magic: The Twenty-year Success Story of Pacific Southwest Airlines Reprinted from Esso Air World - November/December 1969
  2. ^ "PSA". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). (advertisement). June 1, 1983. p. A9.
  3. ^ "Southwest Airlines has a flashback – emphasis flash." Los Angeles Times. March 3, 2009. Retrieved on February 18, 2010.
  4. ^ Voices of San Antonio: Herb Kelleher (Dec 2017 interview, published to YouTube on Mar 29, 2018)
  5. ^ ;Trinkle, Kevin, PSA History Archived 2008-12-19 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 2, 2011
  6. ^ Aviation Regulatory Reform: (Part I) Hearings before the Subcommittee on Aviation of the Committee on Public Works and Transportation, House of Representatives, Ninety-Fifth Congress, First Session on H.R. 8813 (Introduced August 13, 1977) (Report). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1977. p. 671.
  7. ^ Finn Twins Try to Buy Airlines at Auction Sale, Los Angeles Times, February 2, 1955
  8. ^ Airlines Sell for $800,000, San Francisco Examiner, February 15, 1955
  9. ^ Econoscope, Los Angeles Mirror, February 24, 1955
  10. ^ a b Flying Fare, Los Angeles Evening Citizen News, January 5, 1951
  11. ^ Airline Reports New Traffic Record, Oakland Tribune, Jan 3, 1952
  12. ^ Intra-State Airline Sets Traffic Record, Oakland Tribune, January 21, 1953
  13. ^ a b L.A.-to-Oakland Air Service Gains, Valley Times, January 10, 1955
  14. ^ The PSA History Page: Chronological history of PSA, by year
  15. ^ California Legislature, Transcript of Proceedings: Intrastate Carriers in California Aviation (Report). 1964. p. 1.
  16. ^ Henry, Eric (Winter 2003–2004). "Excise Taxes and the Airport and Airway Trust Fund, 1970-2002". Internal Revenue Service, Statistics of Income Bulletin. 23 (3). Washington DC: 44–51. hdl:2027/uc1.32106012393499. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
  17. ^ Airlift December 1959
  18. ^ Aviation Week 20 January 1964, 22 February 1971
  19. ^ K. G. Friedkin, President of Airline, Dies, Los Angeles Times, March 17, 1962
  20. ^ Andrews Elected, Redland Daily Facts, April 10, 1962
  21. ^ Offering tombstone in Los Angeles Times, February 14, 1963
  22. ^ Descriptive Finding Guide for Pacific Southwest Airlines Collection, San Diego Air and Space Museum, March 2, 2018
  23. ^ Big Guys Don't Always Win, San Francisco Examiner, January 15, 1963
  24. ^ Jordan, William A. (1970). Airline Regulation in America: Effects and Imperfections. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 336–338. ISBN 0801810620.
  25. ^ La Mond, Annette M. (Autumn 1976). "An Evaluation of Intrastate Airline Regulation in California". The Bell Journal of Economics. 7 (2): 641–657. Retrieved March 2, 2024.
  26. ^ Decisions of the Public Utilities Commission of the State of California (Report). Vol. 66. 1966. pp. 537–545.
  27. ^ Transcript 1964, p. 6.
  28. ^ a b Hearings 1977, p. 670.
  29. ^ Levine, Michael E. (July 1965). "Is Regulation Necessary? California Air Transportation and National Regulatory Policy". Yale Law Journal. 74 (8): 1416–1447.
  30. ^ Hearings 1977, p. 676.
  31. ^ John Wayne Airport Chronology: 1923-Present
  32. ^ Airlines: Competing with the Freeways, Time Magazine, June 9, 1967
  33. ^ Decisions of the Public Utilities Commission of the State of California (Report). Vol. 70. 1969. p. 91.
  34. ^ La Mond, Annette M. (Autumn 1976). "An Evaluation of Intrastate Airline Regulation in California". The Bell Journal of Economics. 7 (2): 644. Retrieved March 2, 2024.
  35. ^ Air California Now Talking Deal with San Diego Company, Los Angeles Times, May 28, 1970
  36. ^ Westgate Refuses to Prop Up Airline Further, PUC Told, Los Angeles Times, September 29, 1972
  37. ^ PUC Votes Approval of PSA's Purchase of Air California, Los Angeles Times, February 24, 1973
  38. ^ U.S. v. Pacific Southwest Airlines Inc. and Westgate-California Corp., Anti-Trust Division, Department of Justice, December 5, 1972
  39. ^ PSA and Air California Merger Plan Dropped, Los Angeles Times, July 6, 1973
  40. ^ SEC News Digest, May 14, 1973
  41. ^ ‘’PSA Buys 5 Jets for $27.5 million’’, San Francisco Examiner, June 30, 1964
  42. ^ PSA Goes ‘All-Jet’ On Sunday, Oakland Tribune, September 6, 1968
  43. ^ Japan Line To Lease 2 PSA Planes, Los Angeles Times, February 9, 1969
  44. ^ a b c How PSA grew with San Diego, San Diego Reader, October 30, 1980
  45. ^ Airline Buys Jets To Train Other Pilots, San Rafael Daily Independent Journal, November 8, 1965
  46. ^ PSA Notes Turnabout, Los Angeles Times, July 28, 1976
  47. ^ Pacific Southwest Airlines will buy seven Boeing planes, Los Angeles Times, Feb 7, 1977
  48. ^ PSA Seeking Tahoe Routes, Santa Cruz Sentinel, September 24, 1974
  49. ^ Airline Drops Redding Plan, Redding Record-Searchlight, January 8, 1975
  50. ^ Airline Halts Scheduled Flights To S. Lake Tahoe, Sacramento Bee, February 7, 1975
  51. ^ Airlines To Serve Tahoe Area, Petaluma Argus-Courier, February 20, 1975
  52. ^ [https://www.newspapers.com/image/384941243/ ‘‘PSA will suspend service to Monterey, South Tahoe’’, Los Angeles Times, January 25, 1979
  53. ^ ‘‘PSA Will Halt Service To Lake Tahoe’’, Sacramento Bee, January 25, 1979
  54. ^ Aviation Week 10 Apr 1967 p43, 17 July 1967 p47
  55. ^ Small Firms and Big Men Tangle Over 2 Airlines, Los Angeles Times, December 16, 1968
  56. ^ PSA Abandons Tender For Western Air Lines, Los Angeles Times, April 26, 1969
  57. ^ Coffee, Tea or ‘Miss Oops’ of 1968?, Los Angeles Times West Magazine, November 28, 1971
  58. ^ Sex Appeal Pays Off For Bold Texas Airline, September 12, 1971
  59. ^ Muse, Lamar (2002). Southwest Passage. Eakin Press. p. 84. ISBN 1571687394.
  60. ^ PSA stock flying high, Escondido Times-Advocate, February 23, 1978
  61. ^ Hertz Forms New Unit to Meet Budget Car‐Rental Competition, New York Times, March 6, 1964
  62. ^ L.A. Group Buys Hertz's Valcar, December 10, 1967
  63. ^ Pacific Southwest Airlines plans to sell its rent-a-car operation, Los Angeles Times, September 21, 1971
  64. ^ PSA's Valcar Subsidiary to Die on Oct. 15, October 7, 1971
  65. ^ PSA buys Hotel San Franciscan, San Francisco Examiner, April 17, 1969
  66. ^ PSA Buys $5 Million Bay Hotel, Los Angeles Times, June 19, 1969
  67. ^ PSA to Lease, Run Hollywood Turf Club Hotel, Los Angeles Times, June 20, 1971
  68. ^ $4 Million Hotel to Be Developed on Queen Mary, Los Angeles Times, December 14, 1971
  69. ^ Success-Inspired Chief Of PSA Considers Going National, Sacramento Bee, October 9, 1973
  70. ^ Hotel QM now under control of Hyatt chain, Long Beach Press-Telegram, Feb 28, 1974
  71. ^ Queen Mary Hotel is For Sale, Santa Cruz Sentinel, March 7, 1979
  72. ^ PSA Getting Into Radio Broadcasting, San Francisco Examiner, August 12, 1970
  73. ^ a b Grins on PSA's 'Birds' Hide Deep Worries Over Survival, Sacramento Bee, May 29, 1975
  74. ^ An island in the sky, Long Beach Press-Telegram, November 26, 1972
  75. ^ Holding Company Formed, Palm Springs Desert Sun, March 5, 1973
  76. ^ PSA Selects L-1011, Giving a Boost to Lockheed Airbus, Los Angeles Times, September 1, 1970
  77. ^ TriStars Dropped By PSA, Oakland Tribune, December 27, 1971
  78. ^ PSA Changes Plan Again; Orders Five Lockheed L-1011s, September 7, 1972
  79. ^ PSA gets 1st of 5 jumbo jetliners, Long Beach Press-Telegram, July 4, 1974
  80. ^ Sales Slump Idles PSA's Two TriStars, Sacramento Bee, March 7, 1975
  81. ^ a b Decisions of the Public Utilities Commission of the State of California (Report). Vol. 78. 1975. pp. 417–442.
  82. ^ PSA 1977 Annual Report, pg 14
  83. ^ PSA 1982 Annual Report
  84. ^ A Fallen Model For Deregulation, New York Times, July 13, 1975
  85. ^ a b New Chief Sets Course to Give PSA a Lift, Los Angeles Times, May 16, 1976
  86. ^ Thigh In The Sky, Sacramento Bee, July 25, 1976
  87. ^ Dockrey, Christy E. (December 1996). Southwest Airlines: A Texas Airline in an Era of Deregulation (Master of Arts thesis). Texas Tech University. p. 14.
  88. ^ ‘‘California May Lose Bargain Air Fares’’, Los Angeles Times, March 16, 1978
  89. ^ Decisions 1975, p. 435.
  90. ^ ‘‘PSA Gets Ready To Go Interstate’’, Sacramento Bee, December 7, 1978
  91. ^ ‘‘Hughes Air Corp vs Public Utilities Com’n’’, 644 F.2d 1334 (9th Cir. 1981)
  92. ^ PSA 1978 employee count contained in Air Transport Association 1979 Annual Report
  93. ^ Harold Simmons advertisement in Los Angeles Times, November 16, 1978
  94. ^ PSA Says Valhi Letter Is Misleading as Dispute Escalates, Los Angeles Times, November 17, 1978
  95. ^ 'Not Out to Destroy PSA,' Simmons Says, Los Angeles Times, December 9, 1978
  96. ^ PSA Holders Back Management, Los Angeles Times, December 15, 1978
  97. ^ PSA Completes Delayed Stock Swap With Valhi Inc., Los Angeles Times, February 27, 1980
  98. ^ PSA and Valhi Agree to Settle Takeover Feud, Los Angeles Times, February 22, 1979
  99. ^ PSA Executives Are Grinning, Too, at Thought of Deregulation, Los Angeles Times, July 16, 1978
  100. ^ Air executive says discounts will fade, San Francisco Examiner, December 8, 1978
  101. ^ Air Transport Association 1980 Annual Report
  102. ^ a b Air Carrier Financial Statistics (Report). Civil Aeronautics Board. December 1980. p. 45.
  103. ^ Air Transport Association 1981 Annual Report
  104. ^ Air Transport Association 1982 Annual Report
  105. ^ Air Transport Association 1983 Annual Report
  106. ^ Air Transport Association 1984 Annual Report
  107. ^ Air Transport Association 1985 Annual Report
  108. ^ Air Transport Association 1986 Annual Report
  109. ^ a b Air Transport Association 1987 Annual Report
  110. ^ Kennedy, Edward M. (1975). "Airline Regulation by the Civil Aeronautics Board". Journal of Air Law and Commerce. 41 (4): 607–636.
  111. ^ Nance, John J. (1984). Splash of Colors: The Self Destruction of Braniff International. New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-03586-8.
  112. ^ a b Petzinger, Thomas (1996). Hard Landing: The Epic Contest For Power and Profits That Plunged the Airlines into Chaos. Random House. pp. 192–218. ISBN 9780307774491.
  113. ^ PSA, Braniff Agree on Joint Venture, Los Angeles Times, October 19, 1982
  114. ^ Braniff Venture Off, PSA Says, Los Angeles Times, November 24, 1982
  115. ^ Nance 1984, p. 394.
  116. ^ PSA Will Form Texas Unit to Lease Braniff Planes and Hire 1,500, Los Angeles Times, December 9, 1982
  117. ^ PSA, Thwarted by US Court, Calls Off Plan to Lease Braniff Planes, March 3, 1983
  118. ^ "Southwest City Facts San Diego" (PDF). Southwest Airlines Media. Southwest Airlines. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
  119. ^ American Will Shift Headquarters From Manhattan to Dallas Airport, New York Times, November 16, 1978
  120. ^ PSA’s Barkley Likes the Profits but Not the Source, Los Angeles Times, January 5, 1982
  121. ^ Pacific Southwest Airlines 1982 Annual Report
  122. ^ ‘’Now Even Piedmont Flies in The Fast Lane’’, New York Times, August 31, 1986
  123. ^ Air Transport Association 1979 Annual Report
  124. ^ Southwest Airlines 1978 Annual Report
  125. ^ Southwest Airlines 1985 Annual Report
  126. ^ PSA Chief is Waiting for Airline to Really Take Off, Los Angeles Times, July 31, 1984
  127. ^ Uproar Grows Over Airport Noise, Los Angeles Times, April 26, 1981
  128. ^ PSA’s (sic) Takes a Flier on British Jet, Los Angeles Times, July 16, 1985
  129. ^ PSA Set to Expand S.F. Operations, Buys DC-9s, Los Angeles Times, April 7, 1983
  130. ^ PSA Chief William R. Shimp Dies at 59, Los Angeles Times, May 13, 1984
  131. ^ PSA names Barkley as Chief Officer, Los Angeles, March 13, 1984
  132. ^ PSA 1983 Annual Report
  133. ^ PSA Chief Says Pay Cuts May Save $40 million, Los Angeles Times, December 29, 1984
  134. ^ Lineup of PSA Board Gives Airline Diversity, Los Angeles Times, September 17, 1985
  135. ^ PSA offering tombstone in Los Angeles Times, Jul 28, 1986
  136. ^ PSA Agrees to Buy Control of Oil Company, Los Angeles Times, September 4, 1985
  137. ^ USAir Plans to Buy PSA, Become 6th Largest Line, Los Angeles Times, December 8, 1986
  138. ^ Let’s Clear the Air: Flying West Coast Will Never Be the Same, Los Angeles Times, October 19, 1987
  139. ^ Merger of PSA Into USAir Snags on Pilot Work Rules, Los Angeles Times, September 3
  140. ^ Exit Smiling, Los Angeles Times, April 8, 1988
  141. ^ PS Group’s Executives Outline Plans, Los Angeles Times, May 27, 1987
  142. ^ PS Group Acquires 81% of Travel Firm Linked to West, Los Angeles Times, October 27, 1987
  143. ^ 6-Bill Package Seeks to Lower State Air Fares, Los Angeles Times, February 28, 1990
  144. ^ United Plans Sharp Boost in Number of L.A.-S.F. Flights, Los Angeles Times, January 23, 1990
  145. ^ Southwest expanding Oakland flights, Oakland Tribune, February 1, 1990
  146. ^ USAir to Cut Most California Flights, Los Angeles Times, January 26, 1991
  147. ^ a b c Forbes Magazine: October 1, 2001-Under the Radar by Doug Donovan
  148. ^ "PSA's Spring SuperSmile fares..." Spokane Chronicle. advertisement. March 24, 1987. p. A9.
  149. ^ Trinkle, Kevin. "Smiles on US Airways". The PSA History Page. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
  150. ^ Tritt, Marilyn (1995). Long Legs & Short Nights. San Diego: Airtime Publishers. ISBN 9780964957701.
  151. ^ Ray, Nancy. "Family mourns daughter who died after attending festival" Tampa Bay Times. June 2, 2016. Retrieved on September 26, 2023..
  152. ^ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. March 31, 1984. 876.
  153. ^ "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727-14 N973PS San Francisco, CA".
  154. ^ a b ASN accident NAMC YS-11A-202 N208PA Borrego Springs, California Retrieved April 8, 2008
  155. ^ ASN accident Boeing 727-214 N533PS San Diego International Airport, CA (SAN) Retrieved April 1, 2009
  156. ^ Ted Vollmer, "PSA Ruled Liable for Crash Damage Claims", Los Angeles Times San Diego County edition (August 15, 1979)
  157. ^ ASN Aircraft accident British Aerospace BAe-146-200 N350PS Paso Robles, CA
  158. ^ ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727 ?
  159. ^ Airliner Magazine, November, 2000
  160. ^ "California airliner skyjacked to Cuba". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. January 8, 1972. p. 1A.
  161. ^ ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-200 San Francisco International Airport, CA (SFO)
  162. ^ Ada Evening News, July 6, 1972, p. 1
  163. ^ Emch, Tom (September 12, 2009). "Anatomy of a Hijack". SF Chronicle and Examiner. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
  164. ^ Yeager, Bob (July 6, 1972). "FBI agents foil skyjacking; 1 passenger, 2 gunmen die". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. p. 4A.
  165. ^ "The PSA/Oldtimers Page". Archived from the original on 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
  166. ^ PSA Pacific Southwest Airlines bag tags
  167. ^ "Pacific Southwest Airlines February 17, 1988 Route Map".
  168. ^ "Ps091780".
  169. ^ "Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA) Fleet Details and History". Planespotters.net. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
  170. ^ a b c "PSA fleet". aerobernie.bplaced.net. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
  171. ^ Trinkle, Kevin. "Flight Training" Archived 2012-05-19 at the Wayback Machine – The PSA History/Olditimers Page – Retrieved March 28, 2009
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