Jump to content

Lisbon

Coordinates: 38°43′31″N 09°09′00″W / 38.72528°N 9.15000°W / 38.72528; -9.15000
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Lisbon, Portugal)

Lisbon
Lisboa
Motto(s): 
Mui Nobre e Sempre Leal
"Very Noble and Always Loyal"
Map
Location of Lisbon
Lisbon is located in Portugal
Lisbon
Lisbon
Location within Portugal
Lisbon is located in Europe
Lisbon
Lisbon
Location within Europe
Coordinates: 38°43′31″N 09°09′00″W / 38.72528°N 9.15000°W / 38.72528; -9.15000
Country Portugal
MetroLisbon metropolitan area
DistrictLisbon
Historic provinceEstremadura
Settlementc. 1200 BCE
Roman Olissipoc. 138 BCE
Moorish rule711 CE
Siege of Lisbon1147 CE
Capital city1256 CE
Civil parishes(see text)
Government
 • TypeLocal administrative unit
 • BodyConcelho/Câmara Municipal
 • MayorCarlos Moedas
 • Municipal chairRosário Farmhouse
Area
100.05 km2 (38.63 sq mi)
 • Metro
3,015.24 km2 (1,164.19 sq mi)
Elevation
2 m (7 ft)
Population
 (2023)
567,131[1]
 • Density5,445.7/km2 (14,104/sq mi)
 • Metro
2,961,177[2]
Demonym(s)Lisboan
Lisboeta
Olissiponense
Alfacinha (colloquial)
Time zoneUTC (WET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (WEST)
Postal zone
1000-000 to 1999-XXX Lisboa
Area code(+351) 21 XXX XXXX
Patron saintVincent of Saragossa and Anthony of Lisbon
Municipal addressPraça do Município, 1
1149-014 Lisboa
Municipal holidays13 June (St. Anthony's Day)
Websitecm-lisboa.pt

Lisbon (/ˈlɪzbən/ LIZ-bən; Portuguese: Lisboa [liʒˈβoɐ] )[3] is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 567,131 as of 2023 within its administrative limits[4] and 2,961,177 within the metropolis.[5] Lisbon is mainland Europe's westernmost capital city (second overall after Reykjavik) and the only one along the Atlantic coast, the others (Reykjavik and Dublin) being on islands. The city lies in the western portion of the Iberian Peninsula, on the northern shore of the River Tagus. The western portion of its metro area, the Portuguese Riviera, hosts the westernmost point of Continental Europe, culminating at Cabo da Roca.

Lisbon is one of the oldest cities in the world[6] and the second-oldest European capital city (after Athens), predating other modern European capitals by centuries.[7] Settled by pre-Celtic tribes and later founded and civilized by the Phoenicians, Julius Caesar made it a municipium called Felicitas Julia,[8] adding the term to the name Olissipo. After the fall of the Roman Empire, it was ruled by a series of Germanic tribes from the 5th century, most notably the Visigoths. Later it was captured by the Moors in the 8th century. In 1147, Afonso Henriques conquered the city and in 1255, it became Portugal's capital, replacing Coimbra.[9] It has since been the political, economic, and cultural centre of the country.

As the political centre of the country, Lisbon hosts the government, National Assembly, Supreme Court of Justice, Armed Forces and residence of the head of state. It is also the centre of Portuguese diplomacy, with ambassadors from 86 countries residing in the city, as well as representations from Taiwan and Palestine.[10] About 2.96 million people live in the Lisbon metropolitan area, which extends beyond the city's administrative area, making it the third largest metropolitan area in the Iberian Peninsula (after Madrid and Barcelona) as well as figuring amongst the 10 most populous urban areas in the European Union.[11][12] It represents approximately 27.83% of the country's population.

Lisbon is recognised as an alpha-level global city because of its importance in finance, commerce, fashion, media, entertainment, arts, international trade, education, and tourism.[13][14] Lisbon is amongst the two Portuguese cities (the other being Porto) to be recognised as a global city, and it is also home to three companies in the Global 2000 (EDP Group, Galp Energia and Jerónimo Martins).[15][16][17] Lisbon is one of the major economic centres in Europe, with a growing financial sector, with PSI-20 being part of Euronext, the largest center for debt and funds listings in the world. The Lisbon region has a higher GDP PPP per capita than any other region in Portugal. Its GDP PPP amounts to US$179 billion and thus $61,713 per capita.

When it comes to working and employment conditions, Lisbon has some of the lowest wages and purchasing power among European capitals. Energy (electricity, gas and fuel), along with supermarkets, housing, and various government taxes, rank among the most expensive, even compared to the richest EU countries. The gap between the highest and lowest wages is, again, the largest inside the "Euro Zone". The lowest wages can offer a value per hour as little as 6-7 euros. Due to these reasons Lisbon has had a high level of "youth emigration" mostly to other European cities of countries as France, UK, Luxembourg, Switzerland and Belgium. [18][19][20][21] The city occupies the 40th place of highest gross earnings in the world and, with almost 21,000 millionaires, is the 11th European city by number of millionaires and the 14th by number of billionaires.[22][23] Most of the headquarters of multinational corporations in Portugal are located in the Lisbon area.[24]

Etymology

[edit]

Lisbon's name may derive from Proto-Celtic or Celtic Olisippo, Lissoppo, or a similar name which other visiting ancient peoples such as the Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans adapted accordingly, such as the pre-Roman appellation for the Tagus River, Lisso or Lucio. Classical authors writing in Latin and Greek, including Strabo, Solinus, and Martianus Capella,[25][26] referred to popular legends that the city of Lisbon was founded by the mythical hero Ulysses (Odysseus).[27][28] Lisbon's name was written Ulyssippo in Latin by the geographer Pomponius Mela, a native of Hispania. It was later referred to as "Olisippo" by Pliny the Elder and by the Greeks as Olissipo (Ὀλισσιπών) or Olissipona (Ὀλισσιπόνα).[29][30]

Another claim repeated in historical literature is that the name of Lisbon could originate from a supposed ancient Phoenician term Alis-Ubbo, meaning "safe harbour" or "pleasant haven".[31][32][33] Although modern archaeological excavations show Phoenician presence at this location since 1200 BC,[34] this folk etymology completely lacks any evidence and "is never attested in ancient classical literature".[35]

Lisbon's name is commonly abbreviated as "LX" or "Lx", originating in an antiquated spelling of Lisbon as Lixbõa.[36] While the old spelling has since been completely dropped from usage and goes against modern language standards, the abbreviation is still commonly used.

History

[edit]

Origins

[edit]
Phoenician archaeological dig in a cloister of the Lisbon Cathedral

During the Neolithic period, the region was inhabited by Pre-Celtic tribes, who built religious and funerary monuments, megaliths, dolmens and menhirs, which still survive in areas on the periphery of Lisbon.[37] The Indo-European Celts invaded in the 1st millennium BC, mixing with the Pre-Indo-European population, thus giving rise to Celtic-speaking local tribes such as the Cempsi or Sefes.

Although the first fortifications on Lisbon's Castelo hill are known to be no older than the 2nd century BC, recent archaeological finds have shown that Iron Age people occupied the site from the 8th to 6th centuries BC.[38][39][40] This indigenous settlement maintained commercial relations with the Phoenicians, which would account for the recent findings of Phoenician pottery and other material objects. Archaeological excavations made near the Castle of São Jorge (Castelo de São Jorge) and Lisbon Cathedral indicate a Phoneician presence at this location since 1200 BC,[34] and it can be stated with confidence that a Phoenician trading post stood on a site[41][42] now the centre of the present city, on the southern slope of the Castle hill.[43] The sheltered harbour in the Tagus River estuary was an ideal spot for an Iberian settlement and would have provided a secure harbour for unloading and provisioning trading ships.[44] The Tagus settlement was an important centre of commercial trade with the inland tribes, providing an outlet for the valuable metals, salt and salted-fish they collected, and for the sale of the Lusitanian horses renowned in antiquity.

According to a persistent legend, the location was named for the Greek mythical king of Ithaca, Ulysses, who founded the city when he sailed westward to the ends of the known world.[33]

Roman era

[edit]
Part of the Cerca Velha (Old Wall), originally built by the Romans[45]

Following the defeat of Hannibal in 202 BC during the Punic wars, the Romans determined to deprive Carthage of its most valuable possession: Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula). The defeat of Carthaginian forces by Scipio Africanus in Eastern Hispania allowed the pacification of the west, led by Consul Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus. Decimus obtained the alliance of Olissipo (which sent men to fight alongside the Roman Legions against the northwestern Celtic tribes) by integrating it into the empire, as the Municipium Cives Romanorum Felicitas Julia. Local authorities were granted self-rule over a territory that extended 50 km (31 mi); exempt from taxes, its citizens were given the privileges of Roman citizenship,[8] and it was then integrated with the Roman province of Lusitania (whose capital was Emerita Augusta).

Lusitanian raids and rebellions during Roman occupation required the construction of a wall around the settlement. During Augustus' reign, the Romans also built a great theatre; the Cassian Baths (underneath Rua da Prata); temples to Jupiter, Diana, Cybele, Tethys and Idea Phrygiae (an uncommon cult from Asia Minor), in addition to temples to the Emperor; a large necropolis under Praça da Figueira; a large forum and other buildings such as insulae (multi-storied apartment buildings) in the area between Castle Hill and the historic city core. Many of these ruins were first unearthed during the mid-18th century (when the recent discovery of Pompeii made Roman archaeology fashionable among Europe's upper classes).

The city prospered as piracy was eliminated and technological advances were introduced, consequently Felicitas Julia became a center of trade with the Roman provinces of Britannia (particularly Cornwall) and the Rhine. Economically strong, Olissipo was known for its garum (a fish sauce highly prized by the elites of the empire and exported in amphorae to Rome), wine, salt, and horse-breeding, while Roman culture permeated the hinterland. The city was connected by a broad road to Western Hispania's two other large cities, Bracara Augusta in the province of Tarraconensis (Portuguese Braga), and Emerita Augusta, the capital of Lusitania. The city was ruled by an oligarchical council dominated by two families, the Julii and the Cassiae, although regional authority was administered by the Roman Governor of Emerita or directly by Emperor Tiberius. Among the majority of Latin speakers lived a large minority of Greek traders and slaves.

Olissipo, like most great cities in the Western Empire, was a center for the dissemination of Christianity. Its first attested Bishop was Potamius (c. 356), and there were several martyrs during the period of persecution of the Christians: Verissimus, Maxima, and Julia are the most significant examples. By the time of the Fall of Rome, Olissipo had become a notable Christian center.

São Jorge Castle and the surrounding neighborhoods of Castelo, Mouraria, and Alfama

Middle Ages

[edit]

Following the disintegration of the Western Roman Empire, there were barbarian invasions; between 409 and 429 the city was occupied successively by Sarmatians, Alans and Vandals. The Germanic Suebi, who established a kingdom in Gallaecia (modern Galicia and northern Portugal), with its capital in Bracara Augusta, also controlled the region of Lisbon until 585. In 585, the Suebi Kingdom was integrated into the Germanic Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo, which comprised all of the Iberian Peninsula: Lisbon was then called Ulishbona.

King Afonso Henriques reconquered the city from the Almoravid Empire at the 1147 siege of Lisbon.

On 6 August 711, Lisbon was taken by the Muslim forces of the Umayyad Caliphate. These conquerors built many mosques and houses, rebuilt the city wall (known as the Cerca Moura) and established administrative control, while permitting the diverse population of Muwallads, Arabs, Berbers, Mozarabs, Saqaliba, and Jews to maintain their socio-cultural lifestyles. Mozarabic was the native language spoken by most of the Christian population although Arabic was widely known as spoken by all religious communities. Islam was the official religion practised by the Arabs, Berbers, Saqaliba and Muwallad.

The ancient Muslim influence is still visible in the Alfama district, an old quarter of Lisbon that survived the 1755 Lisbon earthquake: many place-names are derived from Arabic and the Alfama (the oldest existing district of Lisbon) was derived from the Arabic "al-hamma".

For a brief time, Lisbon was an independent Muslim kingdom known as the Taifa of Lisbon (1022–1094), before being conquered by the larger Taifa of Badajoz.

In 1108 Lisbon was raided and occupied by Norwegian crusaders led by Sigurd I on their way to the Holy Land as part of the Norwegian Crusade and occupied by crusader forces for three years.[46] It was taken by the Moorish Almoravids in 1111.

The 1384 siege of Lisbon in Froissart's Chronicles

In 1147, as part of Portuguese efforts during the Reconquista, Afonso I of Portugal besieged and reconquered Lisbon with the aid of crusader knights. The city, with around 154,000 residents at the time, was returned to Christian rule. The reconquest of Portugal and re-establishment of Christianity is one of the most significant events in Lisbon's history, described in the chronicle Expugnatione Lyxbonensi, which describes, among other incidents, how the local bishop was killed by the crusaders and the city's residents prayed to the Virgin Mary as it happened. Some of the Muslim residents converted to Roman Catholicism and most of those who did not convert fled to other parts of the Islamic world, primarily Muslim Spain and North Africa. All mosques were either destroyed or altered and converted into churches. As a result of the end of Muslim rule in the mid-12th century, spoken Arabic quickly lost its place in Lisbon, and disappeared altogether.

With its central location, Lisbon became the capital city of the new Portuguese territory in 1255. The first Portuguese university was founded in Lisbon in 1290 by King Denis I; for many years the Studium Generale (General Study) was transferred intermittently to Coimbra, where it was installed permanently in the 16th century as the University of Coimbra.

In 1384, the city was besieged by King Juan I of Castille, as a part of the ongoing 1383–1385 Crisis. The result of the siege was a victory for the Portuguese led by Nuno Álvares Pereira.

During the last centuries of the Middle Ages, Lisbon expanded substantially and became an important trading post with both Northern European and Mediterranean cities.

Early Modern

[edit]
The oldest known panorama of Lisbon (1500–1510) from the Crónica de Dom Afonso Henriques by Duarte Galvão

When the Spaniards expelled the Jews from Spanish territory, many of them fled to Lisbon. Although acknowledging the central importance of the Jews to the city's prosperity, Manuel I decreed in 1497 that all Jews must convert to Christianity, only those who refused being forced to leave, but not before the expropriation of their property.[47] In 1506, an anti-semitic movement among the Old Christians of Lisbon culminated in a massacre lasting four days in which some 1,000 to 4,000 New Christian men, women and children, converted descendants of Sephardic Jews, are estimated to have been killed.[48] The king was at Évora when these events occurred, but angered when he received the news, he ordered an investigation which resulted in two of the instigating friars being excommunicated and burned alive.[49]

Most of the Portuguese expeditions of the Age of Discovery set out from Lisbon during the period from the end of the 15th century to the beginning of the 17th century, including Vasco da Gama's expedition to India in 1498. The following years of the 16th century began Lisbon's golden era: the city was the European hub of commerce between Africa, India, the Far East and later, Brazil, and acquired great riches by exploiting the trade in spices, slaves, sugar, textiles and other goods. This period saw the rise of the exuberant Manueline style in architecture, which left its mark in many 16th-century monuments (including Lisbon's Belém Tower and Jerónimos Monastery, which were declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites). A description of Lisbon in the 16th century was written by Damião de Góis and published in 1554.[50]

King Manuel I ordered Jerónimos Monastery to be built in Belém, to serve Portuguese discoverers.
Ribeira Palace and the Terreiro do Paço depicted in 1662 by Dirk Stoop

The succession crisis of 1580, initiated a sixty-year period of dual monarchy in Portugal and Spain under the Spanish Habsburgs.[51][52] This is referred to as the "Philippine Dominion" (Domínio Filipino), since all three Spanish kings during that period were called Philip (Filipe). In 1589, Lisbon was the target of an incursion by the English Armada led by Francis Drake, while Queen Elizabeth supported a Portuguese pretender in Antonio, Prior of Crato, but support for Crato was lacking and the expedition was a failure. The Portuguese Restoration War, which began with a coup d'état organised by the nobility and bourgeoisie in Lisbon and executed on 1 December 1640, restored Portuguese independence. The period from 1640 to 1668 was marked by periodic skirmishes between Portugal and Spain, as well as short episodes of more serious warfare until the Treaty of Lisbon was signed in 1668.

In the early 18th century, gold from Brazil allowed King John V to sponsor the building of several Baroque churches and theatres in the city. Prior to the 18th century, Lisbon had experienced several significant earthquakes – eight in the 14th century, five in the 16th century (including the 1531 earthquake that destroyed 1,500 houses and the 1597 earthquake in which three streets vanished), and three in the 17th century.

On 1 November 1755, the city was destroyed by another devastating earthquake, which killed an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 Lisbon residents[53] of a population estimated at between 200,000 and 275,000,[54][55] and destroyed 85 percent of the city's structures.[56] Among several important buildings of the city, the Ribeira Palace and the Hospital Real de Todos os Santos were lost. In coastal areas, such as Peniche, situated about 80 km (50 mi) north of Lisbon, many people were killed by the following tsunami.

The 1755 Lisbon earthquake devastated Lisbon with an estimated magnitude between 8.5 and 9.0.

By 1755, Lisbon was one of the largest cities in Europe; the catastrophic event shocked the whole of Europe and left a deep impression on its collective psyche. Voltaire wrote a long poem, Poême sur le désastre de Lisbonne, shortly after the quake, and mentioned it in his 1759 novel Candide (indeed, many argue that this critique of optimism was inspired by that earthquake). Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. also mentions it in his 1857 poem, The Deacon's Masterpiece, or The Wonderful One-Hoss Shay.

After the 1755 earthquake, the city was rebuilt largely according to the plans of Prime Minister Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, the 1st Marquis of Pombal; the lower town began to be known as the Baixa Pombalina (Pombaline central district). Instead of rebuilding the medieval town, Pombal decided to demolish what remained after the earthquake and rebuild the city centre in accordance with principles of modern urban design. It was reconstructed in an open rectangular plan with two great squares: the Praça do Rossio and the Praça do Comércio. The first, the central commercial district, is the traditional gathering place of the city and the location of the older cafés, theatres and restaurants; the second became the city's main access to the River Tagus and point of departure and arrival for seagoing vessels, adorned by a triumphal arch (1873) and a monument to King Joseph I.

Modern era

[edit]
The Proclamation of the Portuguese Republic in 1910

In the first years of the 19th century, Portugal was invaded by the troops of Napoléon Bonaparte, forcing Queen Maria I and Prince-Regent John (future John VI) to flee temporarily to Brazil. By the time the new King returned to Lisbon, many of the buildings and properties were pillaged, sacked or destroyed by the invaders.

During the 19th century, the Liberal movement introduced new changes into the urban landscape. The principal areas were in the Baixa and along the Chiado district, where shops, tobacconists shops, cafés, bookstores, clubs and theatres proliferated. The development of industry and commerce determined the growth of the city, seeing the transformation of the Passeio Público, a Pombaline era park, into the Avenida da Liberdade, as the city grew farther from the Tagus.

Lisbon was the site of the regicide of Carlos I of Portugal in 1908, an event which culminated two years later in the establishment of the First Republic.

The Palace of Ajuda was built as a residence for the King of Portugal following the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake.
Queen Maria II National Theatre was built in 1842.

The city refounded its university in 1911 after centuries of inactivity in Lisbon, incorporating reformed former colleges and other non-university higher education schools of the city (such as the Escola Politécnica – now Faculdade de Ciências). Today there are two public universities in the city (University of Lisbon and New University of Lisbon), a public university institute (ISCTE - Lisbon University Institute) and a polytechnic institute (IPL – Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa).

During World War II, Lisbon was one of the very few neutral, open European Atlantic ports, a major gateway for refugees to the U.S. and a haven for spies. More than 100,000 refugees were able to flee Nazi Germany via Lisbon.[57]

During the Estado Novo regime (1926–1974), Lisbon, under the influence of Duarte Pacheco, the minister of works, was expanded at the cost of other districts within the country, resulting in nationalist and monumental projects. New residential and public developments were constructed; the zone of Belém was modified for the 1940 Portuguese Exhibition, while along the periphery new districts appeared to house the growing population. The inauguration of the bridge over the Tagus allowed a rapid connection between both sides of the river.

Lisbon was the site of three revolutions in the 20th century. The first, the 5 October 1910 revolution, brought an end to the Portuguese monarchy and established the highly unstable and corrupt Portuguese First Republic. The 6 June 1926 revolution ended the first republic and firmly established the Estado Novo, or the Portuguese Second Republic, as the ruling regime.

Contemporary

[edit]

The Carnation Revolution, which took place on 25 April 1974, ended the right-wing Estado Novo regime and reformed the country to become as it is today, the Portuguese Third Republic.

In the 1990s, many of the districts were renovated and projects in the historic quarters were established to modernise those areas, for instance, architectural and patrimonial buildings were renovated, the northern margin of the Tagus was re-purposed for leisure and residential use, the Vasco da Gama Bridge was constructed and the eastern part of the municipality was re-purposed for Expo '98 to commemorate the 500th anniversary of Vasco da Gama's sea voyage to India, a voyage that would bring immense riches to Lisbon and cause many of Lisbon's landmarks to be built.

In 1988, a fire in the historical district of Chiado saw the destruction of many 18th-century Pombaline style buildings. A series of restoration works has brought the area back to its former self and made it a high-scale shopping district.

The Treaty of Lisbon, which forms the constitutional basis of the European Union, was signed at the Jerónimos Monastery in 2007.

The Lisbon Agenda was a European Union agreement on measures to revitalise the EU economy, signed in Lisbon in March 2000. In October 2007 Lisbon hosted the 2007 EU Summit, where an agreement was reached regarding a new EU governance model. The resulting Treaty of Lisbon was signed on 13 December 2007 and came into force on 1 December 2009.

Lisbon has been the site for many international events and programmes. In 1994, Lisbon was the European Capital of Culture. On 3 November 2005, Lisbon hosted the MTV European Music Awards. On 7 July 2007, Lisbon held the ceremony of the "New 7 Wonders Of The World"[58] election, in the Luz Stadium, with live transmission for millions of people all over the world. Every two years, Lisbon hosts the Rock in Rio Lisboa Music Festival, one of the largest in the world. Lisbon hosted the NATO summit (19–20 November 2010), a summit meeting that is regarded as a periodic opportunity for Heads of State and Heads of Government of NATO member states to evaluate and provide strategic direction for Alliance activities.[59] The city hosts the Web Summit and is the head office for the Group of Seven Plus (G7+). In 2018 it hosted the Eurovision Song Contest for the first time as well as the Michelin Gala.[60] On 11 July 2018, the Aga Khan officially chose the Henrique de Mendonça Palace, located on Rua Marquês de Fronteira, as the Divan, or seat, of the global Nizari Muslim Imamate.[61][62] Lisbon hosted World Youth Day 2023 in August of that year, attracting Catholic youth from the around the world. Pope Francis led several events, with the final mass held in the city's Parque do Tejo having an estimated 1.5 million attendees.[63][64][65]

Geography

[edit]
View of the Lisbon metropolitan area, with the Portuguese Riviera to the west of Lisbon and the Setúbal Peninsula south of the Tagus River
Map of the 24 freguesias (administrative divisions of the city) of Lisbon grouped by zone:
  Historic Center
  Western Lisbon
  Central Lisbon
  Eastern Lisbon
  Northern Lisbon

Physical geography

[edit]

Lisbon is located at 38°42′49.75″N 9°8′21.79″W / 38.7138194°N 9.1393861°W / 38.7138194; -9.1393861, situated at the mouth of the Tagus River and is the westernmost capital of a mainland European country. The river delta is inverted.

The westernmost part of Lisbon is occupied by the Monsanto Forest Park, a 10 km2 (4 sq mi) urban park, one of the largest in Europe, and occupying 10% of the municipality.

The city occupies an area of 100.05 km2 (39 sq mi), and its city boundaries, unlike those of most major cities, coincide with those of the municipality.[66] The rest of the urbanised area of the Lisbon urban area, known generically as Greater Lisbon (Portuguese: Grande Lisboa) includes several administratively defined cities and municipalities, in the north bank of the Tagus River. The larger Lisbon metropolitan area includes the Setúbal Peninsula to the south.

Climate

[edit]

Lisbon has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa)[67] with mild, rainy winters and warm to hot, dry summers. The average annual temperature is 17.4 °C (63.3 °F), 21.3 °C (70.3 °F) during the day and 13.5 °C (56.3 °F) at night.

In the coldest month – January – the highest temperature during the day typically ranges from 11 to 19 °C (52 to 66 °F), the lowest temperature at night ranges from 3 to 13 °C (37 to 55 °F) and the average sea temperature is 16 °C (61 °F).[68] In the warmest month – August – the highest temperature during the day typically ranges from 25 to 32 °C (77 to 90 °F), the lowest temperature at night ranges from 14 to 20 °C (57 to 68 °F) and the average sea temperature is around 20 °C (68 °F).[68]

Among European capitals, Lisbon ranks among those with the warmest winters and has the mildest winter nights out of any major European city, with a minimum mean of 8.2 °C (46.8 °F) in the coldest month. The coldest temperature ever recorded in Lisbon was −1.2 °C (30 °F) in February 1956; although other locations in its metropolitan area can record lower temperatures, not being as affected by the urban heat island of the city centre, with Sintra and Setúbal having reached −4 °C (25 °F) and −5.1 °C (23 °F) respectively, both experiencing about 13 days of frost per year on average.[69][70] The highest temperature ever recorded in Lisbon was 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) on 4 August 2018.[71]

The city has around 2,806 hours of sunshine per year, averaging 4.6 hours of sunshine per day in December and 11.4 hours of sunshine per day in July, though when disregarding the duration of the day August is actually the sunniest, with over 80% chance of direct sunlight hitting the ground.[72]

Lisbon has around 750 mm (30 in) of precipitation per year. November and December are the wettest months, accounting for a third of the total annual precipitation. July and August are the driest.[73]

Climate data for Lisbon (altitude: 77 m.a.s.l., ~1km from sea, location on map)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.6
(72.7)
24.8
(76.6)
29.4
(84.9)
32.4
(90.3)
34.8
(94.6)
41.5
(106.7)
40.6
(105.1)
44.0
(111.2)
41.4
(106.5)
32.6
(90.7)
25.3
(77.5)
23.2
(73.8)
44.0
(111.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 14.8
(58.6)
16.2
(61.2)
18.8
(65.8)
19.8
(67.6)
22.1
(71.8)
25.7
(78.3)
27.9
(82.2)
28.3
(82.9)
26.6
(79.9)
22.5
(72.5)
18.2
(64.8)
15.2
(59.4)
21.3
(70.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.5
(52.7)
12.6
(54.7)
14.9
(58.8)
15.9
(60.6)
18.0
(64.4)
21.2
(70.2)
23.1
(73.6)
23.5
(74.3)
22.1
(71.8)
18.8
(65.8)
15.0
(59.0)
12.3
(54.1)
17.4
(63.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.2
(46.8)
9.1
(48.4)
11.0
(51.8)
11.9
(53.4)
13.9
(57.0)
16.7
(62.1)
18.2
(64.8)
18.6
(65.5)
17.6
(63.7)
15.1
(59.2)
11.8
(53.2)
9.4
(48.9)
13.5
(56.2)
Record low °C (°F) 1.0
(33.8)
−1.2
(29.8)
0.2
(32.4)
5.5
(41.9)
6.8
(44.2)
10.4
(50.7)
14.1
(57.4)
14.7
(58.5)
12.1
(53.8)
9.2
(48.6)
4.3
(39.7)
2.1
(35.8)
−1.2
(29.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 99.9
(3.93)
84.9
(3.34)
53.2
(2.09)
68.1
(2.68)
53.6
(2.11)
15.9
(0.63)
4.2
(0.17)
6.2
(0.24)
32.9
(1.30)
100.8
(3.97)
127.6
(5.02)
126.7
(4.99)
774
(30.47)
Average rainy days (≥ 1 mm) 9.6 8.4 6.2 7.9 6.0 2.3 0.6 1.2 3.8 8.6 9.8 11.1 75.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 142.6 156.6 207.7 234.0 291.4 303.0 353.4 344.1 261.0 213.9 156.0 142.6 2,806.3
Source: Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera,[73] Hong Kong Observatory[74] for data of sunshine hours

Freguesias

[edit]

The municipality of Lisbon included 53 freguesias until November 2012. A new law ("Lei n.º 56/2012") reduced the number of freguesias to the following 24:[75]

Neighborhoods

[edit]
View of Lisbon's waterfront districts from the Christ the King viewpoint.

Locally, Lisbon's inhabitants may commonly refer to the spaces of Lisbon in terms of historic Bairros de Lisboa (neighbourhoods). These communities have no clearly defined boundaries and represent distinctive quarters of the city that have in common a historical culture, similar living standards, and identifiable architectural landmarks, as exemplified by the Bairro Alto, Alfama, Chiado, and so forth.

Alcântara

[edit]
Santo Amaro, Alcântara
Alcântara from the Port of Lisbon
Lisbon "docas"

Alcântara is situated along the northern bank of the Tagus River, between the parishes of Belém to the west and Estrela to the east. Its proximity to both the city centre and the riverside makes it a well-connected and popular area for both locals and tourists. Although today it is quite central, it was once a mere suburb of Lisbon, comprising mostly farms and country estates of the nobility with their palaces. Amongst the palaces found in the neighbourhood the most notable are:

  • Palácio da Ega (16th century), now hosting the Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino[76]
  • Palácio Condes da Ribeira Grande (18th century), now hosting the MACAM museum and an hotel[77]
  • Palácio Burnay (18th century), now in the process of being restored so as to house a state-owned enterprise focused on culture[78][79]
  • Palacete do Conde de Burnay (19th century), now housing a public library (biblioteca de Alcântara)[80]
  • Palácio Vale-Flor (20th century), nowadays a restaurant and an hotel[81]

In the 16th century, there was a brook there which the nobles used to promenade in their boats.

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Alcântara became a popular industrial area, with many small factories and warehouses and docks along the waterfront. The presence of these industries attracted many working-class families.

Lx Factory in Alcântara
Palácio Burnay, Alcântara

By the mid-20th century, the area had experienced some decline as industries closed down. However, since the late 20th century, Alcântara has seen revitalisation, with many of the old factories repurposed into trendy spaces such as art galleries, nightclubs, and creative hubs. In the early 1990s, Alcântara began to attract youth because of the number of pubs and discothèques. This was mainly due to its outer area of mostly commercial buildings, which acted as barriers to the noise-generating nightlife (which acted as a buffer to the residential communities surrounding it). In the meantime, some of these areas began to become gentrified, attracting loft developments and new flats, which have profited from its river views and central location.

Alcântara has emerged as one of Lisbon's most dynamic areas for nightlife and culture. The riverfront of Alcântara is known for its nightclubs and bars. The area is commonly known as docas (docks), since most of the clubs and bars are housed in converted dock warehouses.[82]

Key places of interest/cultural landmarks in the neighbourhood include:

  • LX Factory: A cultural and creative complex housed in a former industrial site now home to cafes, restaurants, co-working spaces, shops, and art installations. LX Factory frequently hosts markets, exhibitions, and live performances[83][84]
  • Village Underground: An innovative cultural space made of recycled shipping containers and old buses, used as offices, restaurants, and even a stage for performances. It exemplifies the creative reuse of industrial spaces in Alcântara.[85]
  • Museums: Many museums can be found in Alcantara, including the "Museu de Macau" (Macau Museum),[86] "Museu da Carris" (Carris - Public transportation museum),[87] the "B-Mad museum" (Berardo - Museum Art Deco)[88] and the set-to-open in 2024 MACAM (Armando Martins Museum of Contemporary Art)[89]
  • Pilar 7: situated within one of the massive support pillars of the 25 de Abril Bridge. It was created to offer visitors a closer look at the bridge's architectural and engineering marvel, providing access to areas of the bridge that would otherwise be off-limits. The main focus is on the structural aspects and construction of the bridge, but it also incorporates interactive exhibits and a viewpoint.[90]

The neighbourhood is also noticeable for hosting the "Lisbon Congress Centre" (Centro de congressos de Lisboa),[91][92] the Lisbon Metropolitan Orchestra (Orquestra Metropolitana de Lisboa)[93][94] and the Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino.[95]

Alfama

[edit]
Alfama, with the churches of S. Vicente de Fora, S. Engrácia, and S. Estêvão, and the Tagus river behind

Alfama, the oldest district of Lisbon, spreads down the southern slope from the Castle of São Jorge to the River Tagus. Its name, derived from the Arabic Al-hamma, means fountains or baths. During the Islamic invasion of Iberia, the Alfama constituted the largest part of the city, extending west to the Baixa neighbourhood. Increasingly, the Alfama became inhabited by fishermen and the poor: its fame as a poor neighbourhood continues to this day. Many of the buildings date back to the 18th century, showcasing traditional Portuguese architecture, complete with colorful tiled facades and wrought-iron balconies. While the 1755 Lisbon earthquake caused considerable damage throughout the capital, the Alfama was largely spared and survived with little damage, thanks to its compact labyrinth of narrow streets and small squares.

This historic district has retained much of its original character. It is a historical quarter of mixed-use buildings occupied by Fado bars, restaurants, and homes with small shops downstairs. Fado, the typically Portuguese style of melancholy music, is common (but not obligatory) in the restaurants of the district.

Modernising trends have invigorated the district: old houses have been re-purposed or remodelled, while new buildings have been constructed.

Alfama hosts several events throughout the year, including the popular Festas de Santo António, where locals celebrate with street parties, music, and food. This vibrant atmosphere showcases the community's spirit and connection to its cultural roots.

Key places of interest/cultural landmarks in the neighbourhood include:

  • São Jorge Castle: historic castle which has been continuously occupied for the last 3,000 years[96]
  • Miradouros: Amongst the most emblematic viewpoints there are Miradouro de Santa Luzia (where the Igreja de Santa Luzia e de São Brás stands) and the Miradouro das Portas do Sol.
  • Museums: Many museums can be found in Alfama, including the "Museu de Santo António" (Saint Anthony Museum),[97] "Museu do Aljube - Resistência e Liberdade" (Aljube - Estado Novo dictatorship museum),[98] the "Museu do Teatro Romano" (Roman Theatre Museum),[99] the "Fundação José Saramago" (José Saramago Foundation)[100] and the "Museu de Artes Decorativas Portuguesas" (Museum of Portuguese Decorative Arts)[101]

Mouraria

[edit]

The Mouraria, or Moorish quarter, is one of the most traditional neighbourhoods of Lisbon,[102] although most of its old buildings were demolished by the Estado Novo between the 1930s and the 1970s.[103] It takes its name from the fact that after the reconquest of Lisbon, the Muslims who remained were confined to this part of the city.[104] In turn, the Jews were confined to three neighbourhoods called "Judiarias".[105]

Bairro Alto

[edit]
Duke of Cadaval Square, bordering Bairro Alto and the Baixa Pombalina

Bairro Alto (literally the upper quarter in Portuguese) is an area of central Lisbon that functions as a residential, shopping and entertainment district; it is the center of the Portuguese capital's nightlife, attracting hipster youth and members of various music subcultures. Lisbon's punk, gay, metal, goth, hip hop and reggae scenes all find a home in the Bairro with its many clubs and bars that cater to them. The crowds in the Bairro Alto are a multicultural mix of people representing a broad cross-section of modern Portuguese society, many of them being entertainment seekers and devotees of various music genres outside the mainstream, Fado, Portugal's national music, still survives in the midst of the new nightlife.

Baixa

[edit]
View from the São Jorge Castle, including the Praça do Comércio on the waterfront

The heart of the city is the Baixa or city centre; the Pombaline Baixa is an elegant district, primarily constructed after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, taking its name from its benefactor, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, who was the minister of Joseph I of Portugal (1750–1777) and a key figure during the Portuguese Enlightenment. Following the 1755 disaster, Pombal took the lead in rebuilding Lisbon, imposing strict conditions and guidelines on the construction of the city, and transforming the organic street plan that characterised the district before the earthquake into its current grid pattern. As a result, the Pombaline Baixa is one of the first examples of earthquake-resistant construction. Architectural models were tested by having troops march around them to simulate an earthquake. Notable features of Pombaline structures include the Pombaline cage, a symmetrical wood-lattice framework aimed at distributing earthquake forces, and inter-terrace walls that were built higher than roof timbers to inhibit the spread of fires.

Beato

[edit]
Facade of Teatro Ibérico, in Beato

The parish of Beato stands out for the new cultural dynamics it has been experiencing in recent years. The manufacturing districts and the industrial facilities by the riverside docks are the place of choice for contemporary art galleries, iconic bars, and gourmet restaurants that simmer in the streets. This reality has not gone unnoticed by the national press, and Visão,[106] TimeOut,[107] or Jornal de Negócios[108] have already made notice of this parish that hides treasures such as the National Museum of the Azulejo or the Palacio do Grilo.

Belém

[edit]

Belém is famous as the place from which many of the great Portuguese explorers set off on their voyages of discovery. In particular, it is the place from which Vasco da Gama departed for India in 1497 and Pedro Álvares Cabral departed for Brazil in 1499. It is also a former royal residence and features the 17th – 18th-century Belém Palace, a former royal residence now occupied by the President of Portugal, and the Ajuda Palace, begun in 1802 but never completed.

Perhaps Belém's most famous feature is its tower, Torre de Belém, whose image is much used by Lisbon's tourist board. The tower was built as a fortified lighthouse late in the reign of Dom Manuel l (1515–1520) to guard the entrance to the port. It stood on a little island on the right side of the Tagus, surrounded by water. Belém's other major historical building is the Mosteiro dos Jerónimos (Jerónimos Monastery), which the Torre de Belém was built partly to defend. Belém's most notable modern feature is the Padrão dos Descobrimentos (Monument to the Discoveries) built for the Portuguese World Fair in 1940. In the heart of Belém is the Praça do Império: gardens centred upon a large fountain, laid out during World War II. To the west of the gardens lies the Centro Cultural de Belém. Belém is one of the most visited Lisbon districts. Here is located the Estádio do Restelo, home to Belenenses.

View of Jerónimos Monastery and Praça do Império (Empire Square) from the top of the Padrão dos Descobrimentos in Belém

Chiado

[edit]
Monument to Luís de Camões, considered the greatest poet of the Portuguese language, in Chiado

The Chiado is a traditional shopping area that mixes old and modern commercial establishments, concentrated specially in the Rua do Carmo and the Rua Garrett. Locals as well as tourists visit the Chiado to buy books, clothing and pottery as well as to have a cup of coffee. The most famous café of Chiado is A Brasileira, famous for having had poet Fernando Pessoa among its customers. The Chiado is also an important cultural area, with several museums and theatres, including the opera. Several buildings of the Chiado were destroyed in a fire in 1988, an event that deeply shocked the country. Thanks to a renovation project that lasted more than 10 years, coordinated by celebrated architect Siza Vieira, the affected area has now virtually recovered.

Estrela

[edit]

The ornate, late 18th-century Estrela Basilica is the main attraction of this district. The church with its large dome is located on a hill in what was at the time the western part of Lisbon and can be seen from great distances. The style is similar to that of the Mafra National Palace, late baroque and neoclassical. The façade has twin bell towers and includes statues of saints and some allegorical figures. São Bento Palace, the seat of the Portuguese parliament and the official residences of the Prime Minister of Portugal and the President of the Assembly of the Republic of Portugal, are in this district. Also in this district is Estrela Park, a favorite with families. There are exotic plants and trees, a duck pond, various sculptures, a children's playground, and many cultural events going on throughout the year, including outdoor cinema, markets, and music festivals.

Parque das Nações

[edit]
The Parque das Nações district was initially built for the Lisbon World Expo.

Parque das Nações (Park of Nations) is the newest district in Lisbon; it emerged from an urban renewal program to host the 1998 World Exhibition of Lisbon, also known as Expo'98. The area suffered massive changes giving Parque das Nações a futuristic look. A long-lasting legacy of the same, the area has become another commercial and higher-end residential area for the city.

Central in the area is the Gare do Oriente (Orient railway station), one of the main transport hubs of Lisbon for trains, buses, taxis, and the metro. Its glass and steel columns are inspired by Gothic architecture, lending the whole structure a visual fascination (especially in sunlight or when illuminated at night). It was designed by the architect Santiago Calatrava from Valencia, Spain. The Parque das Nações is across the street.

The area is pedestrian-friendly with new buildings, restaurants, gardens, the Casino Lisbon, the FIL building (International Exhibition and Fair), the Camões Theatre and the Oceanário de Lisboa (Lisbon Oceanarium), which is the second-largest in the world. The district's Altice Arena has become Lisbon's "jack-of-all-trades" performance arena. With seating for 20,000, it has staged events ranging from concerts to basketball tournaments.

Politics

[edit]
Lisbon City Hall, the seat of Lisbon's municipal government
Composition of Lisbon city council (2021–2025):
  PSD / CDS / A / MPT / PPM (7)
  PS / L (7)
  CDU (2)
  BE (1)

Carlos Moedas (PSD) took office as the 78th and current Mayor of Lisbon on 18 October 2021, following the 2021 local elections.

Local election results 1976–2021

[edit]
Summary of local elections for Lisbon city hall, 1976–2021
Election PCP
APU
CDU
PS PSD CDS PPM BE CR HR PAN IL CH O/I Turnout
1976 20.7 35.5 15.2 19.0 0.4 - - - - - - 9.1 66.5
1979 25.1 23.4 46.7 - - - - - - 4.9 75.6
1982 26.7 27.0 41.3 - - - - - - 5.1 72.2
1985 27.5 18.0 44.8 - 5.1 - - - - - - 4.7 58.7
1989 49.1 42.1 - - - - - - 8.9 54.8
1993 56.7 26.4 7.8 - - - - - - - 9.3 53.5
1997 51.9 39.3 - - - - - - - 8.8 48.3
2001 41.7 42.0 7.6 w.PSD 3.8 - - - - - 4.9 55.0
2005 11.4 26.6 42.4 5.9 - 7.9 - - - - - 5.9 52.7
2007 9.5 29.5 15.7 3.7 0.4 6.8 16.7 10.2 - - - 7.8 37.4
2009 8.1 44.0 38.7 4.6 - - - - - 4.7 53.4
2013 9.9 50.9 22.4 1.2 4.6 - - 2.3 - - 8.7 45.1
2017 9.6 42.0 11.2 20.6 7.1 - - 3.0 - - 6.5 51.2
2021 10.5 33.3 34.3 6.2 - - 2.7 4.2 4.4 4.4 51.0
Source: Marktest[109]

Culture

[edit]
The National Coach Museum has the largest collection of royal carriages in the world and is one of Lisbon's most visited institutions.
The National Museum of Ancient Art has one of the largest art collections in the world.

The city of Lisbon is rich in architecture; Romanesque, Gothic, Manueline, Baroque, Modern and Postmodern constructions can be found all over Lisbon. The city is also crossed by historical boulevards and monuments along the main thoroughfares, particularly in the upper districts; notable among these are the Avenida da Liberdade (Avenue of Liberty), Avenida Fontes Pereira de Melo, Avenida Almirante Reis and Avenida da República (Avenue of the Republic).

Lisbon is home to numerous prominent museums and art collections, from all around the world. The National Museum of Ancient Art, which has one of the largest art collections in the world, and the National Coach Museum, which has the world's largest collection of royal coaches and carriages, are the two most visited museums in the city. Other notable national museums include the National Museum of Archaeology, the Museum of Lisbon, the National Azulejo Museum, the National Museum of Contemporary Art, and the National Museum of Natural History & Science.

The Belém Tower, one of the most famous and visited landmarks in Lisbon and throughout Portugal

Prominent private museums and galleries include the Gulbenkian Museum (run by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, one of the wealthiest foundations in the world), which houses one of the largest private collections of antiquities and art in the world, the Contemporary Art Museum - Centro Cultural de Belém, the Museum of Art, Architecture and Technology, and the Museum of the Orient. Other popular museums include the Electricity Museum, the Ephemeral Museum, the Museu da Água, and the Museu Benfica, among many others.

Lisbon's Opera House, the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos, hosts a relatively active cultural agenda, mainly in autumn and winter. Other important theatres and musical houses are the Centro Cultural de Belém, the Teatro Nacional D. Maria II, the Gulbenkian Foundation, and the Teatro Camões.

The monument to Christ the King (Cristo-Rei) stands on the southern bank of the Tagus River, in Almada. With open arms, overlooking the whole city, it resembles the Corcovado monument in Rio de Janeiro, and was built after World War II, as a memorial of thanksgiving for Portugal's being spared the horrors and destruction of the war.

The Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation is one of the wealthiest foundations in the world and houses one of the largest private collections of antiquaries and art in the world, within the Gulbenkian Museum.

13 June is Lisbon's holiday in honour of the city's saint, Anthony of Lisbon (Portuguese: Santo António). Saint Anthony, also known as Saint Anthony of Padua, was a wealthy Portuguese bohemian who was canonised and made Doctor of the Church after a life preaching to the poor. Although Lisbon's patron saint is Saint Vincent of Saragossa, whose remains are housed in the Sé Cathedral, there are no festivities associated with this saint.

Eduardo VII Park, the second-largest park in the city following the Parque Florestal de Monsanto (Monsanto Forest Park), extends down the main avenue (Avenida da Liberdade), with many flowering plants and green spaces, that includes the permanent collection of subtropical and tropical plants in the winter garden (Portuguese: Estufa Fria). Originally named Parque da Liberdade, it was renamed in honour of Edward VII who visited Lisbon in 1903.

Rossio Square, with Queen Maria II National Theatre in the background

Lisbon is home every year to the Lisbon Gay & Lesbian Film Festival,[110] the Lisboarte, the DocLisboa – Lisbon International Documentary Film Festival,[111] the Festival Internacional de Máscaras e Comediantes, the Lisboa Mágica – Street Magic World Festival, the Monstra – Animated Film Festival, the Lisbon Book Fair,[112] the Peixe em Lisboa – Lisbon Fish and Flavours,[113] and many others.

Lisbon has two sites listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site: Belém Tower and Jerónimos Monastery. Furthermore, in 1994, Lisbon was the European Capital of Culture and, in 1998, organised the Expo '98 (1998 Lisbon World Exposition).

Lisbon is also home to the Lisbon Architecture Triennial,[114] the Moda Lisboa (Fashion Lisbon),[115] ExperimentaDesign – Biennial of Design,[116] and LuzBoa – Biennial of Light.[117]

Lisbon hosts many fine examples of Portuguese azulejo tile art, a use of ceramic tile as an architectural finish for both building interiors and exteriors dating from the 15th Century. This art form is celebrated in Lisbon's National Museum of the Azulejo and as a station feature in the Lisbon metro. In addition, the mosaic Portuguese pavement (Calçada Portuguesa) was born in Lisbon, in the mid-1800s. The art has since spread to the rest of the Portuguese Speaking world. The city remains one of the most expansive examples of the technique, nearly all walkways and even many streets being created and maintained in this style.

In May 2018, the city hosted the 63rd edition of the Eurovision Song Contest, after the victory of Salvador Sobral with the song "Amar pelos dois" in Kyiv on 13 May 2017.

World Youth Day 2023 was hosted in August of that year in Lisbon, attracting hundreds of thousands of young Catholics from over 140 countries.[118]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
43 30,000—    
900 100,000+233.3%
1552 200,000+100.0%
1598 150,000−25.0%
1720 185,000+23.3%
1755 180,000−2.7%
1756 165,000−8.3%
1801 203,999+23.6%
1806 250,000+22.5%
1849 174,668−30.1%
1864 190,311+9.0%
1878 240,740+26.5%
1890 300,964+25.0%
YearPop.±%
1901 351,210+16.7%
1911 431,738+22.9%
1920 484,664+12.3%
1930 591,939+22.1%
1940 694,389+17.3%
1950 783,226+12.8%
1960 802,230+2.4%
1971 769,044−4.1%
1981 807,937+5.1%
1991 663,394−17.9%
2001 564,657−14.9%
2011552,700−2.1%
2021545,796−1.2%
Source: INE[119]

The historical population of the city was around 35,000 in 1300 . This number went up to 60,000 in 1400, and raised to 70,000 by 1500. Between 1528 and 1590 the population went from 70,000 to 120,000. The population was about 150,000 in 1600, and almost 200,000 in 1700.[120][121][122]

Lisbon has 567,131 inhabitants within the administrative center on the area of only 100.05 km2[4] The population density of the city itself is 5,668.5/km2 (14,681/sq mi).

The Lisbon metropolitan area incorporates two NUTS III (European statistical subdivisions): Grande Lisboa (Greater Lisbon), along the northern bank of the Tagus River, and Península de Setúbal (Setúbal Peninsula), along the southern bank. These two subdivisions make for the Região de Lisboa (Lisbon Region).

Lisbon population pyramid in 2021

Administratively defined cities that exist in the vicinity of the capital are in fact part of the metropolitan perimeter of Lisbon. The urban area has, according to Government data, a population of approximately 2.96 million inhabitants and is the eleventh largest urban area in the European Union.[12][11] Other sources also show similar figures: according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development the area had 2,797,612 inhabitants;[123] according to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations 2,890,000;[124] according to the European Statistical Office Eurostat 2,839,908[125] and according to the Brookings Institution 2,968,600.[126]

Lisbon's population has steadily dropped over the years due to people searching better accommodations for lower prices elsewhere in Greater Lisbon. A reverse trend has been observed in recent years, with the population increasing to 567,131 people in 2023, an all-time high since 2001 census and a 4.52% increase since the 2011 census.[127]

In addition, a plurality of the houses in the city centre have become tourist facilities, exacerbating the lack of offer in Lisbon's housing market.[128][129][130][131]

Religion

[edit]

Religion in the municipality of Lisbon (Census 2021)[132]

  Catholicism (65.59%)
  Orthodoxy (0.68%)
  Protestantism (2.44%)
  Other Christian (1.27%)
  Buddhism (0.54%)
  Hinduism (1.07%)
  Judaism (0.12%)
  Islam (1.63%)
  Other Religion (0.50%)
  No Religion (25.55%)

The largest religion is, according to 2021 Portuguese Census, Roman Catholicism. The proportion of Catholics in Lisbon city proper (around 66%) is significantly higher than in the city's metropolitan area (55%).[133] This may due to the fact that Lisbon city's age structure is older than the one found in the surrounding areas and, in general, younger generations tend to be less religious.[134][135]

Immigration

[edit]

In 2023, around 28.62% of the city's population was constituted by foreign nationals, with Brazilians being the largest resident foreign community, followed by Chinese, Italians, French, Nepalis and Bangladeshis.

In 2019 around 17.48% of the population residing within the city's boundaries held a foreign nationality, a share that stood at 8.87% in 2014. In general, the increase in Lisbon's population is essentially attributable to the influx of people coming from abroad, who have more than tripled since 2017. Around 5.89% of Lisbon's population was constituted by Brazilians as of 2023, not including those also holding Portuguese nationality.[136][127]

Largest groups of foreign residents in 2023[137][138]
Nationality Population Notes
 Brazil 33,407
 China 9,905
 Italy 9,391 2022 data
 France 9,033 2022 data
   Nepal 8,875 2022 data
 Bangladesh 8,486 2022 data
 Angola 7,594

Economy

[edit]
Avenida da Liberdade is one of the most expensive shopping streets in Europe and famous as a popular destination for luxury goods shopping.

The Lisbon region is the wealthiest region in Portugal and it is well above the European Union's GDP per capita average – it produces 45% of the Portuguese GDP.

The Lisbon region is rapidly growing, with GDP (PPP) per capita calculated for each year as follows: €22,745 (2004)[139] – €23,816 (2005)[140] – €25,200 (2006)[141] – €26,100 (2007).[142] The Lisbon metropolitan area had a GDP amounting to $110.4 billion, and $32,434 per capita.[143]

The oil tanker Rio Arauca at the oil terminal in Lisboa to unload crude oil

Lisbon's economy is based primarily on the tertiary sector. Most of the headquarters of multinationals operating in Portugal are concentrated in the Grande Lisboa Subregion, especially in the Oeiras municipality. The Lisbon metropolitan area is heavily industrialized, especially the south bank of the Tagus river (Rio Tejo). The lisbonite industry has very large sectors in oil, as refineries are found just across the Tagus, textile mills, shipyards and fishing.

The Port of Lisbon is one of the busiest ports in Europe.[144]

The country's chief seaport, featuring one of the largest and most sophisticated regional markets on the Iberian Peninsula, Lisbon and its heavily populated surroundings are also developing as an important financial centre and a dynamic technological hub. Automobile manufacturers have erected factories in the suburbs, for example, AutoEuropa.

Lisbon has the largest and most developed mass media sector of Portugal and is home to several related companies ranging from leading television networks and radio stations to major newspapers. Based in Lisbon, Euronext Lisbon is a stock exchange which is part of the pan-European Euronext system of stock exchanges and market infrastructure.[145]

Before Portugal's sovereign debt crisis and an EU-IMF rescue plan, for the decade of 2010 Lisbon was expecting to receive many state-funded investments, including building a new airport, a new bridge, an expansion of the Lisbon Metro 30 km (18.64 mi) underground, the construction of a mega-hospital (or central hospital), the creation of two lines of a TGV to join Madrid, Porto, Vigo and the rest of Europe, the restoration of the main part of the town (between the Marquês de Pombal roundabout and Terreiro do Paço), the creation of a large number of bike lanes, as well as modernization and renovation of various facilities.

The sovereign debt crisis galvanized the poor labour conditions and the low power of purchase.Although the city modernized its infrastructural conditions and had a massive tourism growth/income,that reality wasnt proportionaly reflected on the "average living conditions". The prices went generally up and the wages didnt exactly followed that tendency."Labour/working conditions" are still far from the rest of the EU (European union). Therefore,Lisbon is still the european capital with some of the lowest wages/power of purchase inside the EU. Energy, electricity, gás and fuel, as well as supermarkets and housing, are also on the top as some of the most expensive even when compared to the richest countries in Europe.The gap between the highest and lowest wages is, again, the largest inside the "euro zone" The lowest/minimum wages can offer a value per hour as little as 6/7euros.Due to these reasons Lisbon has a high level of youth emmigration mostly to other european countries as France, UK, Luxembourg, Switzerland and Belgium.[146]

Lisbon was the 7th most "livable city" in the world in 2021 according to lifestyle magazine Monocle.[147]

Tourism is also a significant industry. The city is the ninth-most-visited city in Southern Europe, after Istanbul, Rome, Barcelona, Milan, Athens, Venice, Madrid and Florence with 3,639,900 tourists in 2019.[148][149][150] In 2022 there were around 6 tourists for every resident.[151] The city is popular for both leisure and business tourism.[152][153] Around 7.7 million tourists visited Lisbon region in 2022 alone, with 71.1% of them being international tourists.[154] It is estimated that tourist receipts will stand at 17.4 billion euros () in 2023.[155]

Transport

[edit]

Metro

[edit]
The Lisbon Metro is Portugal's oldest and largest subway system.

The Lisbon Metro connects the city centre with the upper and eastern districts, and also reaches some suburbs that are part of the Lisbon metropolitan area, such as Amadora and Loures. It is the fastest way to get around the city and it provides a good number of interchanging stations with other types of transportation. From the Lisbon Airport station to the city centre it may take roughly 25 mins. In 2019, the Lisbon Metro served around 173 million passengers (and 475.000 daily). As of 2018, the Lisbon Metro comprises four lines, identified by individual colours (blue, yellow, green and red) and 56 stations, with a total length of 44.2 km. Several expansion projects have been proposed, the most recent being the transformation of the Green Line into a circular line and the creation of two more stations (Santos and Estrela).

Trams

[edit]
A Lisbon tram by Lisbon Cathedral and Santo António Church

The tram is a traditional form of public transport in Lisbon. Introduced in 1901, electric trams were originally imported from the US,[156] and thus called the americanos (Portuguese for "American"). Today these trams are called elétricos (literally meaning electric ones).

Other than on the modern Line 15, the Lisbon tramway system still employs small (four-wheel) vehicles of a design dating from the early twentieth century. These distinctive yellow trams are one of the tourist icons of modern Lisbon, and their size is well suited to the steep hills and narrow streets of the central city.[157][158]

The earliest trams can still be seen in the Museu da Carris (the Lisbon Public Transport Museum).

The line has now a total length of 31 kilometers operating on 6 lines, down from a maximum of 76 kilometers for 27 lines. The slow decline of the network began with the construction of the Lisbon Metro and the expansion of the bus system.[159] Starting in 2017 the system has been expanded and new vehicles are being progressively added, aiming at expanding significantly the current tramway system.[160][161][162] There are currently 64 trams in operation in Lisbon and, during 2023-2026, 35 more will be added (Of which 10 will be "Historical models").[163][164][165][166]

Trains

[edit]
Gare do Oriente train station, designed by Santiago Calatrava

There are four commuter train lines departing from Lisbon: the Sintra, Azambuja, Cascais and Sado lines (operated by CP – Comboios de Portugal), as well as a fifth line to Setúbal (operated by Fertagus), which crosses the Tagus river via the 25 de Abril Bridge. The major railway stations are Santa Apolónia, Rossio, Gare do Oriente, Entrecampos, and Cais do Sodré.

Buses

[edit]

The local bus service within Lisbon is operated by Carris. Carris' fleet includes 741 buses and, in the period 2023-2026, other 342 buses will be added so as to increase the public transportation system reach.[167][166] The bus network has a length of 748 km comprising 99 bus routes.[168] Major investments have been made in recent years: for instance, in 2017 there were 600 buses operating on 674 km and 75 routes: 141 buses, 74 kilometers and 24 bus routes were added in 2018-2022.[169]

Outside Lisbon, there are two main commuter bus services connecting the cities outside Lisbon amongst them and to Lisbon: Carris Metropolitana,[170] a brand operated by 4 companies, all operating inside the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, and Barraqueiro Transportes[171] (with 4 brands operating outside the Metropolitan Area with services to Lisbon), which operate from different terminals in the city.

Bridges

[edit]
The 25 de Abril Bridge crosses the Tagus River from Alcântara to Almada
Vasco da Gama bridge crosses the Tagus from Parque das Nações to Montijo

The city is connected to the far side of the Tagus by two important bridges:

The foundations for a third bridge across the Tagus have already been laid, but the overall project has been postponed due to the economic crisis in Portugal and all of Europe.[174][175]

Ferries

[edit]

Another way of crossing the river is by taking the ferry. The operator Transtejo & Soflusa,[176] runs to different locations from within the city: Cacilhas, Seixal, Montijo, Porto Brandão and Trafaria under the brand Transtejo and to Barreiro under the brand Soflusa. Ferry stations in Lisbon include Belém River Station [pt], Terreiro do Paço River Station [pt] and Cais do Sodré River Station [pt].

Air travel

[edit]
Lisbon airport

Humberto Delgado Airport is located within the city limits.

It is the headquarters and hub for TAP Portugal as well as a hub for EasyJet, Azores Airlines, Ryanair, EuroAtlantic Airways, White Airways, and Hi Fly. Having served 33.65 million passengers in 2023, it is by far the busiest airport in Portugal, the third busiest in the Iberian Peninsula and the 12th busiest in Europe.[177][178]

A second airport has been proposed and the project was initially put on hold because of the Portuguese and European economic crisis, and also because of the long discussion on whether a new airport is needed. In 2023 there were still 9 possible sites who are thought to be able to host the future New Lisbon airport.[179][180] Finally, in 2024, the new government announced that the new international airport would be located in Alcochete, just across the Tagus from Lisbon.[181]

Cascais Municipal Aerodrome, 20 km West of the city centre and hub for Sevenair, in Cascais, offers commercial domestic flights to Bragança, Portimão, Viseu and Vila Real. This location is where many of the country's aviation schools are concentrated.

Cycling

[edit]
Gira recharging station

Following the Covid-19 pandemic, Lisbon has seen a significant increase in cycling and plans to expand the current Gira bike hire system from 1,600 bikes to 2,600 by the end of 2023.[182] Many of these bicycles are electric to deal with Lisbon's hills.[183] The city also plans to expand the number of bike recharging stations, now standing at 146. Gira service is integrated in the public transportation system, as youth up to 23 years old and seniors over 65 years old can use the service for free, while for other residents bikes are included in the Navegante card.[184][185]

In 2023 there were over 200 kilometers of bike lanes within the city's administrative area and the city plans to expand its network of cycle paths in the next years.[186][187][188][189]

Public transportation statistics

[edit]

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Lisbon, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 59 min. 11.5% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 14 min, while 23.1% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 6 km, while 10% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[190]

Car

[edit]

Lisbon is connected to its suburbs and throughout Portugal by an extensive motorway network. There are three circular motorways around the city; the 2ª Circular, the IC17 (CRIL), and the A9 (CREL).

Education

[edit]
The rectory and main campus of the New University of Lisbon

International schools

[edit]

In Greater Lisbon area, particularly in the Portuguese Riviera, an area popular with expats and foreign nationals, there are numerous international schools, including the Carlucci American International School of Lisbon (only American school in Portugal), Saint Julian's School (British), Saint Dominic's International School (British), Deutsche Schule Lissabon (German), Instituto Español Giner de los Ríos (Spanish), Oerias Internacional School (IB), and Lycée Français Charles Lepierre (French).

Higher education

[edit]
Instituto Superior Técnico, which belongs to the University of Lisbon is based on the Alameda D. Afonso Henriques.

In the city, there are three public universities and a university institute. The University of Lisbon, which is the largest university in Portugal, was created in 2013 with the union of the Technical University of Lisbon and the Classical University of Lisbon (which was known as the University of Lisbon). The New University of Lisbon, founded in 1973, is another public university in Lisbon and is known internationally by its Nova School of Business and Economics (Nova SBE), its economics and management faculty. The third public university is Universidade Aberta. Additionally, there's ISCTE - Lisbon University Institute (founded in 1972), a university institute that provides degrees in all academic disciplines.

Major private institutions of higher education include the Portuguese Catholic University, focused on law and management, as well as the Lusíada University, the Universidade Lusófona, and the Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa, among others.

The total number of enrolled students in higher education in Lisbon was, for the 2007–2008 school year, of 125,867 students, of whom 81,507 in the Lisbon's public institutions.[191]

Libraries

[edit]

Lisbon is home to Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal, the Portuguese national library, which has over 3 million books and manuscripts. The library has some rare books and manuscripts, such as an original Gutenberg Bible and original books by Erasmus, Christophe Platin and Aldus Manutius. Torre do Tombo, the national archive, is one of the most important archives in the world, with over 600 years and one of the oldest active Portuguese institutions. There are, among several others, the Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino and the Arquivo Histórico Militar.

Sports

[edit]
Estádio da Luz (top), home to S.L. Benfica, and Estádio José Alvalade (bottom), home to Sporting CP.

Lisbon has a long tradition in sports. It hosted several matches, including the final, of the UEFA Euro 2004 championship. The city also played host to the final of the 2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships and the European Fencing Championships in 1983 and 1992, as well as the 2003 World Men's Handball Championship, and the 2008 European Judo Championships. From 2006 to 2008, Lisbon was the starting point for the Dakar Rally. The city hosted the 2014 and 2020 UEFA Champions League finals. In 2008 and 2016, the city hosted the European Triathlon Championships. Lisbon has a leg at the Volvo Ocean Race. It is one of the potential host cities for the 2030 FIFA World Cup.

Football

[edit]

The city hosts three association football clubs in Portugal's highest league, the Primeira Liga. Sport Lisboa e Benfica, commonly known as simply Benfica, has won 38 league titles in addition to two European Cups. Lisbon's second-most successful club is Sporting Clube de Portugal (commonly known as Sporting and often referred to as Sporting Lisbon abroad to prevent confusion with other teams with the same name), winner of 20 league titles and the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. A third club, C.F. Os Belenenses (commonly Belenenses or Belenenses Lisbon), based in the Belém quarter, has solely won one league title. Other major clubs in Lisbon include Atlético, Casa Pia, and Oriental.

Lisbon has two UEFA category four stadiums; Benfica's Estádio da Luz (Stadium of Light), with a capacity of over 65,000 and Sporting's Estádio José Alvalade, with a capacity of over 50,000. The Estádio da Luz held both the 2014 and 2020 UEFA Champions League Final. There is also Belenenses' Estádio do Restelo, with a capacity of over 19,000. The Estádio Nacional, in nearby Oeiras, has a capacity of 37,000 and was used exclusively for Portuguese international football matches and cup finals until the construction of larger stadia in the city. It held the 1967 European Cup Final.

Other sports

[edit]

Other sports, such as basketball, futsal, handball, roller hockey, rugby union and volleyball are also popular; the latter's national stadium is in Lisbon. There are many other sports facilities in Lisbon, ranging from athletics, sailing, golfing to mountain-biking. Lisboa and Troia golf course are two of many stunning golf courses located in Lisbon. Every March the city hosts the Lisbon Half Marathon, while in September the Portugal Half Marathon.

International relations

[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]

Lisbon is twinned with:[192]

Cooperation agreements

[edit]

Lisbon has additional cooperation agreements with:[192]

Membership in organizations

[edit]

From 12 October 1982, Lisbon is part of the Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities.[192][195]

From 28 June 1985, Lisbon is part of the Union of Capital Cities of Portuguese Language, along with 22 other cities from Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, China, East Timor, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Portugal, and São Tomé and Príncipe.[192][196]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Statistics Portugal - Web Portal". www.ine.pt.
  2. ^ "Statistics Portugal - Web Portal". www.ine.pt.
  3. ^ Wells, John C. (21 July 2010). "Portuguese". Archived from the original on 8 April 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  4. ^ a b "Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país". Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  5. ^ "INE.pt".
  6. ^ Rudlin, David; Thompson, Rob; Jarvis, Sarah (2016). Urbanism. Taylor & Francis. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-317-21390-1. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  7. ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2021). The CIA World Factbook 2021-2022. Simon and Schuster. p. 3319. ISBN 978-1-5107-6382-1. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  8. ^ a b H. V. Livermore (1973). Portugal: A Short History. Edinburgh University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-85224-207-0. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  9. ^ Ferreira, Marta Leite. "Lisboa não é a capital de Portugal e outros 9 factos que não aprendeu nas aulas de História". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  10. ^ "Corpo Diplomático em Portugal". Portal Diplomático (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  11. ^ a b "Statistics Portugal - Web Portal". www.ine.pt. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  12. ^ a b Demographia: World Urban Areas Archived 17 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine - demographia.com, 06.2021
  13. ^ "The World According to GaWC 2010". Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Archived from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
  14. ^ "GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2020". www.lboro.ac.uk. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  15. ^ "The World According to GaWC 2010". Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network, Loughborough University. Archived from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2009.
  16. ^ "Inventory of World Cities". Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2007.
  17. ^ TUCKER", "ANDREA MURPHY"," HANK. "The Global 2000 2023". Forbes. Retrieved 23 August 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ "Statistics Portugal - Web Portal". www.ine.pt. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  19. ^ "1. Gross domestic product (GDP) : GDP per capita, USD, current prices and PPPs". stats.oecd.org. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  20. ^ "Purchasing Power Parities for GDP and related indicators". stats.oecd.org. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  21. ^ "Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025". Pricewaterhouse Coopers. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
  22. ^ "Ranking: The richest cities in the world" Archived 23 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine – City Mayors.com
  23. ^ "Worlds Wealthiest Cities 2023". Henley & Partners. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  24. ^ "Lisboa é 9ª cidade que mais recebe congressos internacionais" – Agência LUSA
  25. ^ Pliny the Elder (21 May 2015). "35, note 22". In John Bostock; H.T. Riley (eds.). Pliny the Elder: The Natural History Book IV. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-4725-2101-9. Archived from the original on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2019. Now Lisbon. Both Strabo, Solinus, and Martianus Capella make mention of a story that Ulysses came to Spain and founded this city.
  26. ^ William Harris Stahl; E. L. Burge; Richard Johnson (June 1992). Martianus Capella and the Seven Liberal Arts: The Marriage of Philology and Mercury. Vol. II. Columbia University Press. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-231-09636-2. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  27. ^ Adrien Delmas; Nigel Penn (20 January 2012). Written Culture in a Colonial Context: Africa and the Americas 1500–1900. BRILL. p. 348. ISBN 978-90-04-22524-4. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  28. ^ Vincent Barletta (15 May 2010). Death in Babylon: Alexander the Great and Iberian Empire in the Muslim Orient. University of Chicago Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-226-03739-4. Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  29. ^ Justino Mendes de Almeida (1992). De Olisipo a Lisboa: estudos olisiponenses. Edições Cosmos. p. 19. ISBN 978-972-9170-75-1. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015. ...que o nome Lisboa derivaria de um acusativo grego da 3° declinação, Olisipona.", p. 19, (...the name Lisbon derives from the third declension of the Greek accusative singular, Olisipona.)
  30. ^ Smith, William (1854), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, illustrated by numerous engravings on wood, London, England: Walton and Maberly
  31. ^ Various, compiled (1780). An Universal History, From the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time. p. 345. Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  32. ^ Ferreira, Emília; Cabello, Jorge (1998). Lisbon. Casa Editrice Bonechi. p. 3. ISBN 978-88-8029-394-1. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  33. ^ a b Jack, Malcolm (2019). Lisbon, City of the Sea: A History. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-83860-172-0. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  34. ^ a b Peter Whitfield (2005). Cities of the World: A History in Maps. University of California Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-520-24725-3. Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  35. ^ Burstein, Eitan (Winter 2019). Elbl, Martin Malcolm (ed.). "The Meaning of the Toponym 'Lisbon' Explained through Biblical Etymology" (PDF). Portuguese Studies Review. 27 (2): 3. ISSN 1057-1515. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022. We surmise that the Phoenician toponym, the origin of Olisipo, should be neither Alits Ub(b)o, a form proposed by some scholars (e.g. Samuel Bochart, 1599−1667) notwithstanding the fact that it is never attested in ancient classical literature, nor the commonly accepted Alis Ubbo (see for instance the title of a documentary film produced in 2018, in a cynical sense), but a different form altogether. We shall use Hebrew to substantiate our argument.
  36. ^ "Lx., abreviatura de Lisboa - Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa". ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  37. ^ Rodrigo Banha da Silva (September 2013). "A ocupação da idade do bronze final da Praça da Figueira (Lisboa): novos e velhos dados sobre os antecedentes da cidade de Lisboa" (PDF). Cira Arqueologia. Cira Arqueologia II (in Portuguese) (2, Tejo, palco de interação entre Indígenas e Fenícios). Museu da Rede Portuguesa de Museus. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 June 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  38. ^ Carlos Gómez Bellard (2003). Ecohistoria del paisaje agrario: La agricultura fenicio-púnica en el Mediterráneo. Universitat de València. p. 213. ISBN 978-84-370-5508-4. Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  39. ^ Ana Margarida Arruda (2002). Los fenicios en Portugal: fenicios y mundo indígena en el centro y sur de Portugal (siglos VIII-VI a.C.). Carrera Edició. pp. 113–115. ISBN 978-84-88236-11-1. Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  40. ^ John Laidlar (1997). Lisbon. Clio Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-85109-268-0.
  41. ^ Nathan Laughlin Pilkington (2013). An Archaeological History of Carthaginian Imperialism. Academic Commons, Columbia.edu (Thesis). Columbia University. p. 170. doi:10.7916/D80G3SCF. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
  42. ^ David Wright; Patrick Swift (1 January 1971). Lisbon: a portrait and a guide. Barrie and Jenkins. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-214-65309-4. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  43. ^ Wachsmann, Shelley; Dunn, Richard K.; Hale, John R.; Hohlfelder, Robert L.; Conyers, Lawrence B.; Ernenwein, Eileen G.; Sheets, Payson; Blot, Maria Luisa Pienheiro; Castro, Filipe; Davis, Dan (September 2009). "The Palaeo-Environmental Contexts of Three Possible Phoenician Anchorages in Portugal" (PDF). International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 38 (2). Blackwell Publishing Ltd.: 221–253. Bibcode:2009IJNAr..38..221W. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2009.00224.x. S2CID 130964094. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2016.
  44. ^ Pedro Telhado Pereira; Maria Eugénia Mata (6 December 2012). Urban Dominance and Labour Market Differentiation of a European Capital City: Lisbon 1890–1990. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-94-011-5382-9. Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  45. ^ "Cerca Moura de Lisboa afinal é romana", Francisco Nieves, publico.pt, 11 October 2001, archived from the original on 5 August 2020, retrieved 15 April 2018
  46. ^ Pires, Helio. "Sigurđr's Attack on Lisbon: Where Exactly?" In Viking and Medieval Scandinavia 8 (2012) – Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, c=2012, pp. 199–205.
  47. ^ Jessica V. Roitman (14 February 2011). The Same But Different?: Inter-cultural Trade and the Sephardim, 1595–1640. BRILL. p. 33. ISBN 978-90-04-20276-4.
  48. ^ Soyer, F. (2007). "The Massacre of the New Christians of Lisbon in 1506: A New Eyewitness Account" (PDF). Cadernos de Estudos Sefarditas. 7: 221. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  49. ^ Paulo Mendes Pinto; Susana Bastos Mateus (2 September 2014). The Massacre of the Jews: Lisbon April 19, 1506. Alêtheia Editores. p. 44. ISBN 978-989-622-665-7.
  50. ^ Jeffrey S. Ruth, ed. (1996) [1554], "Urbis Olisiponis descriptio", Lisbon in the Renaissance, New York, New York{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  51. ^ EncyclopædiaBritannica. "John IV (king of Portugal)". Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2012. king of Portugal from 1640 as a result of the national revolution or restoration, which ended 60 years of Spanish rule.
  52. ^ Geoffrey Parker The army of Flanders and the Spanish road, London, 1972 ISBN 0-521-08462-8, p. 35
  53. ^ Pereira, A.S. (March 2006). "The Opportunity of a Disaster: The Economic Impact of the Lisbon 1755 Earthquake" (PDF). Centre for Historical Economics and Related Research at York, York University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
  54. ^ "The Economic Impact of the Lisbon 1755 Earthquake – p. 8, estimates a population of 200,000" (PDF). March 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
  55. ^ "Historical Depictions of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake, citing an unreferenced estimate of 275,000". Nisee.berkeley.edu. 12 November 1998. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
  56. ^ "Historical Depictions of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake". Nisee.berkeley.edu. 12 November 1998. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
  57. ^ "Portugal Archived 21 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine". The Virtual Jewish History Tour.
  58. ^ "Welcome to the official global voting platform of". New7Wonders. Archived from the original on 20 December 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  59. ^ "NATO, NATO Summit Meetings, 4 December 2006". Archived from the original on 14 September 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  60. ^ "Meeting Spotlight | The meeting planner destination resource". meetingspotlight.com. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  61. ^ "Photos: Ismaili Imamat establishes headquarters in Portugal". Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  62. ^ Darcy, Marie-Line (12 July 2018). "Lisbon as the 'Holy See' for Ismaili Shia Muslims". Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  63. ^ "What is it - WYD Lisbon 2023". JMJ 2023. 19 September 2022. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  64. ^ Deborah Castellano Lubov (2 August 2023). "Pope Francis arrives in Portugal for World Youth Day - Vatican News". www.vaticannews.va. Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  65. ^ White, Christopher (6 August 2023). "Pope Francis to 1.5 million youth in Portugal: Be 'beacons of hope in dark times'". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  66. ^ IGP, ed. (2011), Carta Administrativa Oficial de Portugal (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: Instituto Geográfico Português
  67. ^ "World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification". Archived from the original on 6 September 2010.
  68. ^ a b Lisbon average sea temperature Archived 7 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine – seatemperature.org.
  69. ^ Sintra Base area ipma.pt
  70. ^ Setubal ipma.pt
  71. ^ "Sábado foi o dia mais quente de sempre em Lisboa e noutros 24 locais" [G. Coutinho and Tapada weather stations measure the Lisbon highest temperature record]. 5 August 2018. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
  72. ^ "Climatological Normals of Lisbon". Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
  73. ^ a b "Monthly Averages for Lisbon, Portugal (1981–2010)" (PDF). Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera. Archived from the original on 26 November 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
  74. ^ "Climatological Information for Lisbon, Portugal" (1961–1990) Archived 29 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine – Hong Kong Observatory
  75. ^ Diário da República. "Law nr. 56/2012, pages 6454–6460" (pdf) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  76. ^ "Palácio da Ega – Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino". www.trienaldelisboa.com (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  77. ^ "MACAM – Palácio Condes da Ribeira Grande". www.trienaldelisboa.com (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  78. ^ "Orçamento para a Cultura totaliza cerca de 600 milhões de euros em 2025". Expresso (in Portuguese). 10 October 2024. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  79. ^ "Governo vai reabilitar o abandonado Palácio Burnay e expandir o Museu de Arte Antiga". NiT (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  80. ^ "Biblioteca de Alcântara – Palacete do Conde de Burnay". www.trienaldelisboa.com (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  81. ^ "Hotel Pestana Palace". www.trienaldelisboa.com (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  82. ^ Leandro, Valter (16 November 2022). "Um fim de semana na zona das Docas de Santo Amaro, em Alcântara". Lisboa Secreta (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  83. ^ "LxFactory | Restaurants, Bars, Shops & Offices in Alcantara". Lx Factory. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  84. ^ "Os restaurantes e as lojas: um guia completo para redescobrir a Lx Factory".
  85. ^ "HOME". village underground lisboa (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  86. ^ "Museu". CCCM, I.P. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  87. ^ "Homepage Museu | Museu da Carris". Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  88. ^ "BMAD . Berardo Museu Arte Deco". bmad.pt. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  89. ^ "MACAM - Museu de Arte Contemporânea Armando Martins". localhost. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  90. ^ T: +351 210 312 700; F: +351 210 312 899; Atl@visitlisboa.com; Www.visitlisboa.com. "Experiência Pilar 7". Turismo de Lisboa (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 19 October 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  91. ^ "CCL - Centro de Congressos de Lisboa". CCL (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  92. ^ "Centro de Congressos de Lisboa".
  93. ^ "Homepage". Metropolitana. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  94. ^ "AMEC | Metropolitana".
  95. ^ "Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino".
  96. ^ "Castelo de São Jorge". castelodesaojorge.pt. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  97. ^ "Santo António". Museu de Lisboa (in Portuguese). Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  98. ^ "Museu do Aljube". Museu do Aljube (in Portuguese). Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  99. ^ "Teatro Romano". Museu de Lisboa (in Portuguese). Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  100. ^ "Fundação José Saramago". Fundação José Saramago (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  101. ^ Comercial (19 March 2019). "Um Projeto Original - FRESS". www.fress.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  102. ^ Joaquim Carvalho (2007). Religion and Power in Europe: Conflict and Convergence. Edizioni Plus. p. 38. ISBN 978-88-8492-464-3. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  103. ^ Michael Colvin (2008). The Reconstruction of Lisbon: Severa's Legacy and the Fado's Rewriting of Urban History. Associated University Presse. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-8387-5708-6. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  104. ^ François Soyer (15 October 2007). The Persecution of the Jews and Muslims of Portugal: King Manuel I and the End of Religious Tolerance (1496–7). BRILL. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-16262-4. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  105. ^ Patrick O'Flanagan (1 January 2008). Port Cities of Atlantic Iberia, C. 1500–1900. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-7546-6109-2. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  106. ^ Revista, Visão (June 2018). "Tudo o que há para ver e fazer de Marvila ao Beato". Visao. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  107. ^ Revista, TimeOut (December 2019). "Roteiro perfeito em Marvila". TimeOut. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  108. ^ de Negócios, Jornal (May 2017). "Lisboa: ocírculo alternativo das galerias de arte". Jornal de Negócios. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  109. ^ "Histórico de resultados Eleitorais - Autárquicas". Marktest (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 August 2024.
  110. ^ "Official web-site". Lisbon Gay and Lesbian Film Festival. Archived from the original on 26 October 2006. Retrieved 6 November 2006.
  111. ^ "doclisboa 2009". Doclisboa.org. Archived from the original on 7 July 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  112. ^ "Feira do Livro de Lisboa". Feiradolivrodelisboa.pt. Archived from the original on 1 March 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  113. ^ "Peixe em Lisboa". Peixemlisboa.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  114. ^ "Trienal de Arquitectura de Lisboa". trienaldelisboa.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  115. ^ "ModaLisboa – LisboaFashionWeek – Semana oficial da moda portuguesa". Modalisboa.pt. Archived from the original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  116. ^ "Experimentadesign". Experimentadesign.pt. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  117. ^ "Luzboa 2008". Luzboa.com. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  118. ^ McKeown, Jonah (1 August 2023). "World Youth Day 2023: Lisbon patriarch greets attendees at opening Mass". Catholic News Agency.
  119. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Recenseamentos Gerais da População) - https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_publicacoes Archived 10 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  120. ^ Paul Bairoch (1991). Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present. University of Chicago Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-226-03466-9. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  121. ^ Luis Frois SJ (2014). The First European Description of Japan, 1585: A Critical English-Language Edition of Striking Contrasts in the Customs of Europe and Japan by Luis Frois, S.J. Routledge. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-317-91781-6. Archived from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  122. ^ Richard W. Mansbach; Kirsten L. Taylor (2013). Introduction to Global Politics. Routledge. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-136-51738-9. Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  123. ^ Metro eXplorer Archived 10 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine – OECD
  124. ^ World Urbanization Prospects Archived 25 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine – Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, 2007
  125. ^ "Population by sex and age groups on 1 January" Archived 22 August 2016 at the Wayback MachineEurostat, 2012
  126. ^ 2014 Global Metro Monitor Archived 21 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine – Brookings Institution, 2015
  127. ^ a b "População residente (N.º) por Local de residência (NUTS - 2013), Sexo e Grupo etário (Por ciclos de vida); Anual".
  128. ^ Raposo, Frederico (7 August 2021). "Menos lares, mais alojamento local: como o centro histórico de Lisboa perdeu 8 mil habitantes em dez anos". Mensagem de Lisboa (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  129. ^ "Lisboa perde 1,4 % de população. Demógrafa aponta para falta de oferta e preços das casas". SIC Notícias (in Portuguese). 28 July 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  130. ^ "Digital nomads in Portugal: Can they be blamed for a housing crisis?". euronews. 12 May 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  131. ^ "Portugal housing crisis: 'I'll have to move back in with mum'". BBC News. 28 May 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  132. ^ "Census - Final results: Portugal - 2021". Statistics Portugal. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  133. ^ "Grande Lisboa. Menos católica e religiosa, mas crente e tolerante". Jornal Expresso (in European Portuguese). 2 July 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  134. ^ "Portal do INE". www.ine.pt. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  135. ^ "How much does Catholic religion matter to young people? The case of Portugal" (PDF).
  136. ^ "População estrangeira com estatuto legal de residente (N.º) por Local de residência (NUTS - 2013) e Nacionalidade; Anual".
  137. ^ "Vivem 118.947 estrangeiros em Lisboa. Eis as principais nacionalidades". Notícias ao Minuto (in Portuguese). 28 February 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  138. ^ "Statistics Portugal - Web Portal". www.ine.pt. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  139. ^ "GDP per inhabitant in 2004" (PDF). Eurostat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  140. ^ "GDP per inhabitant in 2005" (PDF). Eurostat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  141. ^ "GDP per inhabitant in 2006" (PDF). Eurostat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  142. ^ "GDP per inhabitant in 2007" (PDF). Eurostat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  143. ^ "Global Metro Monitor GDP 2014". Brookings Institution. 22 January 2015. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  144. ^ "Eurogate Lisbon". Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  145. ^ "Euronext | LinkedIn". www.linkedin.com. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  146. ^ "Pequeno Resumo Histórico de Lisboa". Archived from the original on 20 April 2010. – Câmara Municipal de Lisboa
  147. ^ "The Monocle Quality of Life Survey 2019". Monocle. 2019. Archived from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  148. ^ "Top 100 City Destinations: 2019 Edition | Euromonitor". Euromonitor International. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  149. ^ "Lisbon, Portugal - Image of the Week - Earth Watching". earth.esa.int. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  150. ^ "Top 100 City Destinations: 2019 edition" (PDF).
  151. ^ "What are the most and least 'over-touristed' capital cities in Europe?". euronews. 14 May 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  152. ^ "Lisbon is the sixth most popular city for business tourism". www.theportugalnews.com. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  153. ^ "Portugal named best tourism destination in Europe, 5th time in last six years". Fall River Herald News. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  154. ^ "TravelBI by Turismo de Portugal - Turismo em Números - 2022". travelbi.turismodeportugal.pt. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  155. ^ Caetano, Edgar. "Cada turista em Lisboa vai gastar este ano, em média, 911 euros. Turismo vai dar 17,4 mil milhões à economia (sem contar com a JMJ)". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  156. ^ Electrical World. McGraw-Hill. 1900. p. 566.
  157. ^ Archived copy Archived 3 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine Information from Carris, Lisbon transportation company.
  158. ^ "Luso Pages - Lisbon (Portugal) Trams". Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011. Details of Lisbon's trams, from Luso Pages
  159. ^ Pincha, João Pedro (3 April 2019). "Rede de eléctricos da Carris vai ligar o Jamor a Sacavém". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  160. ^ Raposo, Frederico (2 November 2021). "Os elétricos não são só para turista ver. Podem ser o futuro da mobilidade em Lisboa". Mensagem de Lisboa (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  161. ^ Raposo, Frederico (9 September 2022). "Elétricos vão duplicar e Lisboa estuda "novas linhas de metro ligeiro". Amadora - Sta. Apolónia pode ser a primeira". Mensagem de Lisboa (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  162. ^ "Novos elétricos da Carris chegam a Algés e há planos de expansão até à Cruz Quebrada". New in Oeiras (in European Portuguese). 8 May 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  163. ^ "Elétricos Articulados". www.carris.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  164. ^ "Elétricos Históricos". www.carris.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  165. ^ "Elétricos Clássicos". www.carris.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  166. ^ a b "Carris vai comprar 117 autocarros 100% elétricos até 2026 e um bus a hidrogénio". 12 January 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  167. ^ "Carris reforça frota com 100 autocarros - e são verdes". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 19 January 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  168. ^ "Km de autocarros" (PDF).
  169. ^ "Autocarros 2017" (PDF).
  170. ^ "Carris Metropolitana". Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  171. ^ "Barraqueiro Transportes". Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2007.
  172. ^ "Suspension bridge". Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 November 2016. Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  173. ^ "The highest, tallest, longest and oldest bridges in the world". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  174. ^ "Plano Ferroviário prevê terceira travessia sobre o Tejo". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 17 November 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  175. ^ Cipriano, Carlos (28 February 2023). "Zero quer prioridade à Terceira Travessia do Tejo exclusivamente ferroviária". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  176. ^ "Transtejo e Soflusa". Transtejo.pt. Archived from the original on 13 July 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  177. ^ "Movimento de passageiros nos aeroportos portugueses fechou 2022 ainda 5,6% abaixo dos números pré-pandemia". Expresso (in Portuguese). 13 February 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  178. ^ "Lisboa no top 10 dos aeroportos com mais passageiros". TSF Rádio Notícias (in European Portuguese). 29 April 2022. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  179. ^ "Avaliação de Impacte Ambiental pode adiar decisão de novo aeroporto mais um ano". Dinheiro Vivo (in European Portuguese). 29 July 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  180. ^ ECO (8 July 2023). "Comissão Técnica já definiu os cinco critérios de decisão para o novo aeroporto de Lisboa". ECO (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  181. ^ Vicente Rua, Patrícia (14 May 2024). "Portugal to build new airport across the river from Lisbon". Reuters. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  182. ^ Moreira, Cristiana Faria (15 November 2022). "Câmara de Lisboa quer pôr mais 1000 bicicletas Gira na rua em 2023". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  183. ^ "Sobre a gira - GIRA - Bicicletas de lisboa". www.gira-bicicletasdelisboa.pt. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  184. ^ "Bicicletas Gira gratuitas para todos os residentes de Lisboa a partir desta segunda-feira". Expresso (in Portuguese). 5 June 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  185. ^ "navegante card". Metropolitano de Lisboa, EPE - English. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  186. ^ "Esqueça o carro. Lisboa é uma das melhores cidades da Europa para andar de bicicleta". NiT (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  187. ^ "Lisboa duplica oferta de bicicletas. Utilização subiu 50% num ano". 13 February 2021. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  188. ^ "mapa rede ciclável". MUNICÍPIO de LISBOA (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  189. ^ "EMEL pretende gastar 2,5 milhões de euros na requalificação da ciclovia ribeirinha de Lisboa". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 26 July 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  190. ^ "Lisboa Public Transportation Statistics". Global Public Transit Index by Moovit. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2017. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  191. ^ "Statistics on enrollment from GPEARI/Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCES) (Excel spreadsheet, 2007/08 school year)". Estatistics.gpeari.mctes.pt. Archived from the original on 23 June 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  192. ^ a b c d "Relações Internacionais". lisboa.pt (in Portuguese). City of Lisbon. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  193. ^ "Fortaleza se torna cidade irmã de Lisboa". oestadoce.com.br (in Portuguese). Oestado. 30 June 2016. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  194. ^ The City of Lisbon; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (19 July 2016). "Friendship And Co-Operation Agreement between The City of Lisbon Portuguese Republic and The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Kingdom of Thailand" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
  195. ^ "Ciudades miembro" (in Portuguese). Unión de Ciudades Capitales Iberoamericanas. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  196. ^ "União das Cidades Capitais de Língua Portuguesa" (in Portuguese). União das Cidades Capitais de Língua Portuguesa. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]